On the effect of chelating agents and antioxidants on cadmium-induced organ toxicity. An overview

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) has been classified as a human carcinogen. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the concentration of Cd in the environment has rapidly increased in the last few years. In many epidemiological studies, the correlation between environmental exposure of humans to Cd and diseases such as stroke, ischemia, renal and hepatic dysfunction, anemia, osteoporosis and diabetes has been discussed. For the treatment of heavy metal intoxications a therapy with chelating agents has been applied. A chelating agent is a compound that binds the toxic metal ion thus promoting its excretion by the living organisms. Recently, it has been found that Cd-induced toxicity is a result of formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results increased the interest towards the antioxidants as possible agents for the treatment of Cd-induced organ toxicity. Herein, we present summary and discussion of the literature data for the influence of chelating agents and antioxidants on Cd-induced pathological conditions in Cd-intoxicated animals. Vitamins Cadmium Toxicology Ionophores Antioxidants Medicinal chemistry

Toxic effects of transition metals on male reproductive system: A review

“…Although, transition metals are essential components of biological functions, but at the same time they can be toxic at higher concentrations beyond those necessary for their physiological requirement [1]. The toxicities produced by the transition metals involve the neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and reproductive toxicity [11,12].…”

Diindolylmethane Inhibits Cadmium-Induced Autophagic Cell Death via Regulation of Oxidative Stress in HEL299 Human Lung Fibroblasts

“…Once the cells reached approximately 80% confluence, they were harvested and subcultured after trypsin/EDTA treatment. HEL299 cells were treated with different concentrations of CdCl2 (25, 50, 75, or 100 µM) or DIM (5,10,20,40,60,80, or 100 µM) for 24 h, and treatment with 20 and 40 µM DIM for 24h in the presence or absence of CdCl2 (100 µM) was used for further experiments.…”

“…This phenomenon is also known to be involved in autophagic cell death by inducing GFP-LC3B puncta and the LC3B-II transformation as autophagy markers in human lung bronchial epithelial cells and neuronal cells [4,7,8]. Several investigators reported that plant extracts and natural and synthetic antioxidants, such as glutathione (GSH), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), vitamin C, and Allium cepa L., inhibited Cd-mediated oxidative stress and improved the intracellular redox system, which resulted in the suppression of oxidative stress-related cell death [9,10]. Based upon these findings from several different labs, the evidence indicated that acute Cd exposure mediates autophagy by disrupting redox homeostasis, and actions of various antioxidants constitute a potential preventive and therapeutic strategy for Cd-mediated cytotoxicity.…”

Moringa oleifera: A new challenge reducing heavy metal toxicity: A review

“…Copper is used as electroplating, smelting and refining (Rai and Pal, 2002). Cadmium is used as color pigment, and rechargeable battery (Ivanova et al, 2013). Chromium is used as metal alloy, color pigment, cement, rubber industry, paper and pulp mill (Akunna et al, 2012).…”

“…In vivo reducing metal toxicity: The researches that regarding treatment of heavy metal are restricted mainly to some chelating agents or in combination with few antioxidants but most of the conventional metal chelating agents and antioxidants have been reported to possess toxic side effects or disadvantages i.e., headache, nausea, hypertension, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity (Flora, 2009;Ivanova et al, 2013). The properties of chelating agents are capable of binding to toxic metal ions to form complex structures which are easily excreted from the body removing them from intracellular or extracellular spaces (Flora and Pachauri, 2010).…”