On the Effectiveness of Scale-Averaged RANS and Scale-Resolved IDDES Turbulence Simulation Approaches in Predicting the Pressure Field over a NASCAR Racecar

Abstract

Racecar aerodynamic development requires well-correlated simulation data for rapid and incremental development cycles. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and wind tunnel testing are industry-wide tools to perform such development, and the best use of these tools can define a race team’s ability to compete. With CFD usage being limited by the sanctioning bodies, large-scale mesh and large-time-step CFD simulations based on Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approaches are popular. In order to provide the necessary aerodynamic performance advantages sought by CFD development, increasing confidence in the validity of CFD simulations is required. A previous study on a Scale-Averaged Simulation (SAS) approach using RANS simulations of a Gen-6 NASCAR, validated against moving-ground, open-jet wind tunnel data at multiple configurations, produced a framework with good wind tunnel correlation (within 2%) in aerodynamic coefficients of lift and drag predictions, but significant error in front-to-rear downforce balance (negative lift) predictions. A subsequent author’s publication on a Scale-Resolved Simulation (SRS) approach using Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) for the same geometry showed a good correlation in front-to-rear downforce balance, but lift and drag were overpredicted relative to wind tunnel data. The current study compares the surface pressure distribution collected from a full-scale wind tunnel test on a Gen-6 NASCAR to the SAS and SRS predictions (both utilizing SST k−ω turbulence models). CFD simulations were performed with a finite-volume commercial CFD code, Star-CCM+ by Siemens, utilizing a high-resolution CAD model of the same vehicle. A direct comparison of the surface pressure distributions from the wind tunnel and CFD data clearly showed regions of high and low correlations. The associated flow features were studied to further explore the strengths and areas of improvement needed in the CFD predictions. While RANS was seen to be more accurate in terms of lift and drag, it was a result of the cancellation of positive and negative errors. Whereas IDDES overpredicted lift and drag and requires an order of magnitude more computational resources, it was able to capture the trend of surface pressure seen in the wind tunnel measurements.

Improving the Energy Efficiency of Vehicles by Ensuring the Optimal Value of Excess Pressure in the Cabin Depending on the Travel Speed

“…In addition, an increase in the fan speed leads to an increase in the energy consumption of the air conditioner. Let us use formula (15) to determine the power of the climate system based on heat balances [32][33][34]:…”

“…The values of excess internal pressure P int , which ensures the operation of the climate system under different operating modes, are studied numerically based on the Navier-Stokes equations, and are also compared with the results of an approximate applied formula. The numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations is widely used for analyzing vehicle aerodynamics in research [34][35][36][37]. CFD models with large-scale grids and large time steps based on Reynolds averaging Navier-Stokes (RANS) approaches are currently popular.…”