On the Electromagnetic Wave Behavior Due to Partial Discharge in Gas Insulated Switchgears: State-of-Art Review

Abstract

The rapid growth of gas insulated switchgears as a compact, efficient, and reliable device has recently been given great attention. Albeit gas insulated switchgears can seldom suffer from failure due to the high resiliency and robustness, some severe damages have been experienced by such devices particularly in the event of partial discharge. Thus, monitoring such accidents has become a vital part of power systems reliability. The ultra-high frequency techniques have recently shown superior performance in the detection and classification of electromagnetic waves produced by partial discharge. This is mainly due to the great immunity to the noise of the ultra-high frequency detection techniques compared with the veryhigh-frequency counterparts. This review paper highlights the mathematical aspects of the electromagnetic waves generated by partial discharge. It also delivers an overview of the electromagnetic wave behavior in the complex structure of gas insulated switchgears, and outlines the important characteristics of the internal and external partial discharge detection using ultra-high frequency methods. INDEX TERMS Electromagnetic waves behavior, finite difference time domain, gas insulated switchgears, partial discharge, sensors, ultra-high frequency measurements.

PD Signal Propagation in GIS: Ultra-High Frequency Detection-Based Modeling

“…Thus, a total of 5 sensors are placed inside the GIS enclosure. The used pulse is represented by the following equation [4]: the Fourier representation of this pulse is given by:…”

“…In the above BVP, A represents the magnetic vector potential, n is a unit vector normal to the surface, Z port represents the impedance seen at each port, E 0 is the source electric field (for the sensor used to inject the pulse, or transmitting sensor), and μ, , and σ represent the electric permeability, permittivity, and conductivity of the different materials, respectively. Equation (3) is used to obtain time-domain results whereas (4) gives frequency-domain results. Equation (6) is used to obtain time-domain results.…”

“…Recently, GIS manufacturers considered building such devices with a metallic belt covering the dielectric spacers. The use of metallic belts improves the grounding characteristics of GIS systems and prevents spacers from chemical corrosion due to the exposition to air [4]. Nevertheless, the use of external UHF sensors is no longer practical since metallic components shield EM waves from propagating outside the GIS.…”

“…Consequently, internally connected UHF sensors have been integrated with the newly manufactured GIS systems. Such sensors have better immunity to noise as compared with the external counterparts [4], [22]. This paper covers EM wave behavior inside an L-structured GIS under different simulation models built using the full-Maxwell finite element (FE) solver of COMSOL Multiphysics.…”

A Novel Hybrid Approach for Partial Discharge Signal Detection Based on Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise and Approximate Entropy

“…The electrical equipment’s operating environment is very complex, often surrounded by various kinds of noise. PD signal is very weak, and on-site interference will cause significant difficulties in signal detection and extraction [ 3 ]. To extract real and reliable PD signals, some necessary de-noising methods are needed in the on-site environment [ 4 ].…”