On the Externalization of Auditory Images

Durlach, N. I.; Rigopulos, A.; Pang, X. D.; Woods, William S.; Kulkarni, Abhijit; Colburn, H. Steven; Wenzel, Elizabeth M.

doi:10.1162/pres.1992.1.2.251

Cited by 78 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The reverberation times averaged across the six microphones positions are presented in Table I. Several studies indicate that a small amount of reverberation, even in the form of a few early reflections, is sufficient to produce image externalization (Begault, 1992;Durlach et al, 1992). It was thus decided not to record the stimulus in a room with too much reverberation, otherwise externalization rates may have been high, whether or not head tracking was active, potentially minimizing the influence of head tracking.…”

Section: A Stimulusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of head tracking on the externalization of speech stimuli for non-individualized binaural synthesis

Hendrickx

Stitt

Messonnier

et al. 2017

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Binaural reproduction aims at recreating a realistic audio scene at the ears of the listener using headphones. In the real acoustic world, sound sources tend to be externalized (that is perceived to be emanating from a source out in the world) rather than internalized (that is perceived to be emanating from inside the head). Unfortunately, several studies report a collapse of externalization, especially with frontal and rear virtual sources, when listening to binaural content using non-individualized Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs). The present study examines whether or not head movements coupled with a head tracking device can compensate for this collapse. For each presentation, a speech stimulus was presented over headphones at different azimuths, using several intermixed sets of non-individualized HRTFs for the binaural rendering. The head tracker could either be active or inactive, and the subjects could either be asked to rotate their heads or to keep them as stationary as possible. After each presentation, subjects reported to what extent the stimulus had been externalized. In contrast to several previous studies, results showed that head movements can substantially enhance externalization, especially for frontal and rear sources, and that externalization can persist once the subject has stopped moving his/her head.

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Section: A Stimulusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The virtual sources should also be externalized rather than internalized. In other words, virtual sources should appear to originate from a source a) etienne.hendrickx@univ-brest.fr out in the world (as in real life) rather than from somewhere inside the head (Hartmann and Wittenberg, 1996;Durlach et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of head tracking on the externalization of speech stimuli for non-individualized binaural synthesis

Hendrickx

Stitt

Messonnier

et al. 2017

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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“…Such acoustic interactions can be described by the so-called head-related transfer functions (HRTFs), which are linear filters describing the transmission of sound from a position in space to the listener's eardrums [10,11]. Moreover, HRTFs are known to contain individual auditory cues that are important to present sounds accurately located outside of the head [2,8,12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design theory for binaural synthesis: Combining microphone array recordings and head-related transfer function datasets

Salvador

Sakamoto

Treviño

et al. 2017

Acoust. Sci. & Tech.

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Signal processing methods that accurately synthesize sound pressure at the ears are important in the development of spatial audio devices for personal use. This paper reviews the current methods and focuses on a promising class of these methods that rely on combining the spatial information available in microphone array recordings and datasets of head-related transfer functions (HRTFs). These two kinds of spatial information enable the consideration of dynamic and individual auditory localization cues during binaural synthesis. A general formulation for such a class of methods is presented in terms of a linear system of equations, whose associated matrix is composed of acoustic transfer functions that relate the positions of microphones and HRTFs. Based on this formulation, it is shown that most of the existing methods under consideration can be classified into two prominent approaches: 1) the HRTF modeling approach and 2) the microphone signal modeling approach. An important relation between these two approaches is evidenced in the general formulation: when one approach arises from the solution to an overdetermined system, the other corresponds to an underdetermined system, and vice versa. Illustrative examples of binaural synthesis from spherical arrays are provided by means of simulations. Underdetermined systems generally achieve better performance than overdetermined ones.

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“…The first method allows the stimuli reaching the listener to be completely characterized and enables detailed study of the perceptual salience of cues such as interaural time delays (ITDs) and interaural level differences (ILDs). However, these simplified cues invariably cause sounds to be heard inside the head, rather than at locations external to the listener's body [5][6][7]. In contrast, studies in rooms have enabled researchers to characterize localization performance in realistic settings.…”

Section: Scientific Study Of Sound Localizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inclusion of a roomacoustics model to simulate early echoes and reverberation can significantly increase the perceived realism of an HRTF-based display [6,7,34] (in speaker-based displays, naturally-occurring reverberation is already present). This is not surprising, considering even real sources heard in an anechoic room can sound "unnatural" [5].…”

Section: Examples Of Factors To Considermentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of virtual auditory displays

Shinn‐Cunningham

Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol.20 Biomedi

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On the Externalization of Auditory Images

Cited by 78 publications

References 4 publications

Influence of head tracking on the externalization of speech stimuli for non-individualized binaural synthesis

Influence of head tracking on the externalization of speech stimuli for non-individualized binaural synthesis

Design theory for binaural synthesis: Combining microphone array recordings and head-related transfer function datasets

Applications of virtual auditory displays

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