On the functions of the cerebrum: The occipital lobes.

Abstract

SHEPHERD IVORY FRANZ the brain." The remainder of the occipital lobe is considered by Campbell to be one area, while Brodmann has been able to distinguish two separate areas, which he admits are closely related (10, p. 228). The cortex surrounding the calcarine area, FIGS, i and 2. The human cerebrum, with the areal differentiation of the occipital lobe. The dotted part is the calarine type, and the parts marked by horizontal lines and by cross hatching are the remainder of the so-called visual cortex. Adapted from Brodmann, and reduced. 3, the mesial aspect ; 4, the lateral aspect. calcarine area, marked by large dots, surrounding that fissure, and in the neighboring regions the two areas closely related to the calcarine but differing from the latter in cell and fiber structure. The two areas, as has been indicated above, are not absolutely distinct and have been grouped by Brodmann to make one area. By this grouping Brodmann closely approaches the divisions made by Campbell (u), by Elliot Smith (69) and by Bolton (8), as well as those made by the earlier investigators. 2 These names were previously used by Bolton.

Frontal lobe damage in children and adults: A comparative review

“…Several prominent 19th century clinicians and scientists recognized and demonstrated the importance of the frontal lobes to the control of movement (Ferrier, 1886;Fritz & Hitzig, 1870/1960, language, (Broca, 1861), and personality (Harlowe, 1868). Neurobehavioral investigations of the frontal lobes continued to blossom in the early 20th century with studies of nonhuman primates (e.g., Franz, 1907;Jacobsen, 1936), patients recovering from war injuries (e.g., Feuchtwanger, 1923;Goldstein, 1942;Kleist, 1934), and individuals who underwent lobectomies for the removal of tumors and epileptic foci (e.g., Brickner, 1934;Rylander, 1939). Toward the middle of the century, psychosurgery of the frontal lobes was introduced and studies of the effects of prefrontal leucotomy abounded (e.g., Freeman & Watts, 1950;Greenblatt, Arnold, & Soloman, 1950;Greenblatt & Solomon, 1953;Monitz, 1954).…”

A selective and critical review of neuropsychological deficits and the frontal lobes

“…This discovery in.creased the impetus to pursue other locations of function in the brain. Franz (1907) adopted standardized testing procedures to evaluate cats and monkeys before and after surgically imposing cerebral lesions. He concluded that the frontal lobes were particularly important for the solution of puzzlebox performances, and that unilateral lesions produced much less of an effect than bilateral lesions.…”

The effects of prefrontal lesions on working memory performance and theory

“…In his view, the frontal cortex was the top of the sensory and motor hierarchies and was the final stage of integration. The American psychologist Franz (1907), unlike his predecessors, used structured and objective behavioral testing methods (e.g., Thorndike boxes and basic visual discrimination problems) to study the effects of frontal lobe removal. Unfortunately, though, the behavioral tests he chose proved inadequate for capturing the types of mental processes that are impaired after frontal lesions.…”