On the generality of logical recoding in spatial interference tasks

Arend, Udo; Wandmacher, Jens

doi:10.1016/0001-6918(87)90049-7

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…(1975) and in the present study (Lu, 1997). Similarly, negative (or reversed) S-R correspondence effectsthat is, faster responding when stimulus and response locations do not correspond-have been obtained when the relevant stimulus information is spatial and the S-R mapping is incompatible (Arend & Wandmacher, 1987;Lu & Proctor, 1994). The reversal has not only beenobtained with visual stimuli but also with auditory stimuli (Ragot & Fiori, 1994;Ragot & Guiard, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Instead, the response at the noncorresponding location receives activation. More generally, the S-R correspondence effect for irrelevant location information is reversed when an incompatible mapping rule is in effect, regardless of whether the irrelevant information is included in the imperative stimulus or in a warning tone (e.g., Arend & Wandmacher, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hedge and Marsh attributed the reversed effect obtained with the incompatible S-R color mapping to misapplication ofa reversal rule (respond with the opposite of the stimulus value) to the irrelevant stimulus dimension. Although there has been disagreement regarding the explanation for the reversal, the phenomenon has been replicated consistently for both visual and auditory stimuli (e.g., Arend & Wandmacher, 1987;De long, Liang, & Lauber, 1994;Hasbroucq & Guiard, 1991;Lu & Proctor, 1994;Ragot & Fiori, 1994;Ragot & Guiard, 1992;Simon, Sly, & Vilapakkam, 1981). Simon, Acosta, and Mewaldt (1975) reported an experiment whose results stand in contrast to the established findings described above.…”

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Lateralized warning tones produce typical irrelevant-location effects on choice reactions

Proctor

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1998

Psychon Bull Rev

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Simon, Acosta, and Mewaldt (1975) reported an experiment in which a 200-Hz warning-tone, presented in the left or right ear, was followed by an imperative stimulus of 500 Hz in either ear, to which a left-or right-key press was to be made. Simon et al. found a correspondence effect for warning location and response location (Le., faster reactions when warning and response locations corresponded than when they did not) when the stimulus-response mapping was incompatible but not when it was compatible. These findings stand in contrast to typical results of (1) a correspondence effect for irrelevant location information when the mapping is compatible and (2) a reversed correspondence effect (Le., faster responses when stimulus and response location do not correspond) when the mapping is incompatible. We conducted a direct replication of Simon et al. 's experiment and another experiment that differed only in the imperative stimulus being visual, in order to determine whether there are unique aspects of their method that yield atypical results. Our results failed to replicate those reported by Simon et al. but instead showed the patterns of correspondence effects typically found with other procedures, suggesting that the warning-signal method produces irrelevant-location effects consistent with those produced by other methods.In a two-choice reaction task, two responses (usually left-or right-key presses) are assigned to two stimuli (e.g., low-or high-pitch tones; red or green circles). The subject is to respond as rapidly as possible on a trial by making the response assigned to the stimulus that is presented. In a series of seminal studies beginning in the late 1960s (Simon & Rudell, 1967), Simon and his colleagues demonstrated that when the stimulus can occur in either a left or a right location-but stimulus location is irrelevant to the task (e.g., the correct response is determined by the color ofa visual stimulus)-performance is nevertheless affected by the location in which the stimulus occurs. Reaction times (RTs) are faster when the stimulus location corresponds to the location of the assigned response than when it does not. Using the example of color stimuli, if red is assigned to the left response and green to the right response, RT is shorter when the red stimulus occurs in the left location and the green stimulus occurs in the right location than when these location relations are reversed. This phenomenon has come to be called the Simon effect, and it is sometimes called the spatial Stroop effect when the relevant stimulus diThe authors would like to thank Amanda Foster, Marland Pittman. Brian Turner. and Jim Whanger for the assistance in conducting these experiments

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Lateralized warning tones produce typical irrelevant-location effects on choice reactions

Proctor

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1998

Psychon Bull Rev

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“…A possible account for these cross-over effects has been suggested by Hedge and Marsh (1975) themselves and, in slightly revised versions, by Arend and Wandmacher (1987) and Lu and Proctor (1994). The general idea is that, with alternate mappings, the relevant stimulus information undergoes some kind of inversion operation, or logical recoding, in order to form the response code.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No prevalence of right-left over top-bottom spatial codes

Hommel¹

1996

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…For example, when responding to the location word with a keypress, a substantial effect of its location is evident even when an uninformative stimulus occurs in the location opposite that of the target stimulus (O' Leary & Barber, 1993). Also, as in the Hedge and Marsh variation of the Simon task, an alternate-location mapping (i.e., a left keypress response is made to the word RIGHT and a right keypress response to the word LEFT) produces a reversed effect of faster responding when the stimulus occurs in the location opposite the response than when it occurs in the corresponding location (Arend & Wandmacher, 1987;.…”

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confidence: 99%

The influence of irrelevant location information on performance: A review of the Simon and spatial Stroop effects

1995

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of irrelevant location information on performance of visual choice-reaction tasks. We review empirical findings and theoretical explanations from two domains, those of the Simon effect and the spatial Stroop effect, in which stimulus location has been shown to affect reaction time when irrelevant to the task. Wethen integrate the findings and explanations from the two domains to clarify how and why stimulus location influences performance even when it is uninformative to the correct response. Factors that influence the processing of irrelevant location information include response modality, relative timing with respect to the relevant information, spatial coding, and allocation of attention. The most promising accounts are offered by models in which response selection is a function of (1) strength of association of the irrelevant stimulus information with the response and (2) temporal overlap of the resulting response activation with that produced by the relevant stimulus information.The role played by stimulus location in visual information processing has been a controversial issue. This issue has been investigated primarily by means ofvisual search tasks in which a target stimulus in an array of distractors must be detected or identified. Reaction time (RT) in such tasks is typically an increasing function ofarray size, and accuracy a decreasing function, when the target is defined by a conjunction of features (e.g., Treisman & Gelade, 1980;Van Zandt & Townsend, 1993), leading some authors to propose that attending to location is necessary for feature integration (e.g., Nissen, 1985;Treisman & Gelade, 1980). As expected if location must be attended in such situations, a stimulus for a second task shows a processing benefit when it occurs in a location adjacent to the target stimulus of the search task rather than in a more remote location (e.g., Hoffman & Nelson, 1981), and precuing the location in the array in which the target stimulus will occur facilitates its processing (e.g., Eriksen & Hoffman, 1972). However, facilitation from a location precue is also apparent when the target is presented alone and requires only a detection response (e.g., Bashinski & Bacharach, 1980;Posner, Snyder, & Davidson, 1980), suggesting that it may be necessary to attend to the locaWe would like to thank Bernhard Hommel, Colin MacLeod, Bob Melara, Jim Neely, Richard Schweickert, Richard Simon, and Howard Zelaznik for helpful comments on previous versions of this manuscript. Reprint requests should be sent to Chen-Hui Lu, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, or Robert W. Proctor, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1364. tion of any stimulus on which a response is based. Consistent with this possibility, Tsal and Lavie (1993) recently showed that when the relevant feature of a precue stimulus is nonspatial (e.g., color), there is still facilitation in the identification of a s...

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On the generality of logical recoding in spatial interference tasks

Cited by 23 publications

References 12 publications

Lateralized warning tones produce typical irrelevant-location effects on choice reactions

Lateralized warning tones produce typical irrelevant-location effects on choice reactions

No prevalence of right-left over top-bottom spatial codes

The influence of irrelevant location information on performance: A review of the Simon and spatial Stroop effects

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