“…Sentinel-1 satellite images have been utilized in many studies to monitor the growth in biomass of winter wheat (Kumar et al, 2018), green area index (Veloso et al, 2017), leaf area index (Ouaadi et al, 2021), plant height (Kumar et al, 2018), crop water content (Han et al, 2019), and phenology (Schlund & Erasmi, 2020). However, all these studies have used a relatively small study area and only involved single or few orbit passes images which can bypass the backscatter bias due to incidence angle difference and geometry effects (Arias et al, 2022). Gorrab et al, (2021) reported that no impact of using 2 orbit passes and incidence angles in estimating winter wheat vegetation variables in their experiment.…”