Abstract:It is shown that intramolecular hydrogen bonding can give rise to very fast nonradiative desactivation of the S1 -state of indigo dyes. In those derivatives, which lack the possibility of internal hydrogen bonds, hydrogen bonding to suitable solvent molecules can provide the channel for fast radiationless transitions. As a consequence, drastic effects on the S1 -state lifetime are observed both as a function of solvent and/or temperature.
“…This is consistent with the fact that photoisomerization of indigo derivatives is precluded by intermolecular H-bonding with protic solvents. 8,62,63 In DMSO (Figure 7B) and DMF (Figure SI10E), photoisomerization is more efficiently blocked as seen by the absence of change in the absorption spectra upon irradiation.…”
In
indigo, excited state proton transfer (ESPT) is known to be
associated with the molecular mechanism responsible for highly efficient
radiationless deactivation. When this route is blocked (partially
or totally), new deactivation routes become available. Using new green
chemistry procedures, with favorable green chemistry metrics, monosubstitution
and disubstitution of N group(s) in indigo, by tert-butoxy carbonyl groups, N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)indigo (NtBOCInd) and N,N′-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)indigo (N,N’tBOCInd),
respectively, were synthetically accomplished. The compounds display
red to purple colors depending on the solvent and substitution. Different
excited-state deactivation pathways were observed and found to be
structure- and solvent-dependent. Trans–cis photoisomerization was found to be absent with NtBOCInd and present
with N,N’tBOCInd in nonpolar solvents. Time-resolved fluorescence
experiments revealed single-exponential decays for the two compounds
which, linked to time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT)
studies, show that with NtBOCInd ESPT is extremely fast and barrierlesspredicted
to be 1 kJ mol–1 in methylcyclohexane and 5 kJ mol–1 in dimethylsulfoxide, which contrasts with
∼11 kJ mol–1 experimentally obtained for
indigo. An alternative ESPT, competitive with the N–H···OC
intramolecular pathway, involving dimer units is also probed by TDDFT
and found to be consistent with the experimentally observed time-resolved
data. N,N’tBOCInd, where ESPT is precluded, shows solvent-dependent trans–cis/cis–trans photoisomerization
and is surprisingly found to be more stable in the nonemissive cis conformation, whose deactivation to S0 is
found to be solvent-dependent.
“…This is consistent with the fact that photoisomerization of indigo derivatives is precluded by intermolecular H-bonding with protic solvents. 8,62,63 In DMSO (Figure 7B) and DMF (Figure SI10E), photoisomerization is more efficiently blocked as seen by the absence of change in the absorption spectra upon irradiation.…”
In
indigo, excited state proton transfer (ESPT) is known to be
associated with the molecular mechanism responsible for highly efficient
radiationless deactivation. When this route is blocked (partially
or totally), new deactivation routes become available. Using new green
chemistry procedures, with favorable green chemistry metrics, monosubstitution
and disubstitution of N group(s) in indigo, by tert-butoxy carbonyl groups, N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)indigo (NtBOCInd) and N,N′-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)indigo (N,N’tBOCInd),
respectively, were synthetically accomplished. The compounds display
red to purple colors depending on the solvent and substitution. Different
excited-state deactivation pathways were observed and found to be
structure- and solvent-dependent. Trans–cis photoisomerization was found to be absent with NtBOCInd and present
with N,N’tBOCInd in nonpolar solvents. Time-resolved fluorescence
experiments revealed single-exponential decays for the two compounds
which, linked to time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT)
studies, show that with NtBOCInd ESPT is extremely fast and barrierlesspredicted
to be 1 kJ mol–1 in methylcyclohexane and 5 kJ mol–1 in dimethylsulfoxide, which contrasts with
∼11 kJ mol–1 experimentally obtained for
indigo. An alternative ESPT, competitive with the N–H···OC
intramolecular pathway, involving dimer units is also probed by TDDFT
and found to be consistent with the experimentally observed time-resolved
data. N,N’tBOCInd, where ESPT is precluded, shows solvent-dependent trans–cis/cis–trans photoisomerization
and is surprisingly found to be more stable in the nonemissive cis conformation, whose deactivation to S0 is
found to be solvent-dependent.
“…However, addition of alcohols to the solution of photochromic indigo dyes is known to quench the fluorescence and diminish the isomerization. [30][31][32] It was concluded that intermolecular H-bond opens a rapid nonradiative deactivation channel to the trans-formed ground state by transferring the energy to the solvent bath through the H-bond. 30 In the case of indigo, which is only weakly fluorescent, intramolecular H-bonds are suggested to provide a channel for the rapid radiationless deactivation.…”
“…C 56,5 H 3,7 CI 9,8 N 1 l,6% (7223 Gef. ,,56,5 ,,3,8 ,,9,9 ,,11,6% Dimethy1-4,I'-diphenyl-7, 7'-bis (trifluormethyl) -3,3(, 4,4'-1etruhydro-3,3'-(athundiyliden) C34H26C12F6N408 Ber. C 50,8 H 3,3 C18,8 F 14,2 N 7,Wh ( 8 0 3 3 Gef.…”
Section: Grenzfalleunclassified
“…C 46.6 H 3,2 Br 19,4 N 63% ( 8 2 5 3 Gef. ,,46,5 ,,3,2 ,,19,3 ,,6,7% 7,7 '-Dichlor-2,2'-dimethyl-4, 4'-diphenyl-3,3', 4.4'-tetruhydro-3,3'-(iithundiyliden)dichinoxalin-l, 1'diium-bisperchlorut (29). Aus 0,16 g l g und 13 ml CH3CN/HClO4-Losung 10:3: 0,21 g (95%) 2g, Smp.…”
Section: Grenzfalleunclassified
“…In konzentrierter Schwefelsaure zeigten nur Farbbasen 1 rnit Akzeptorsubstituenten ( X = N 0 2 , S02CH3, CN und CF,) eine langwellige Extinktion; in den meisten anderen Fallen liessen sich durch Ausfallen rnit verdunnter wasseriger Natriumperchloratlosung isomere Salze 3 gewinnen, wobei in den schwefelsauren Losungen vermutlich die Spezies NCC' dominiert2), deren N-Atom in Stellung Die oben beschriebenen Beobachtungen fuhrten schliesslich zur Hypothese, das Ausbleichverhalten der Farbstoffe 1 in sauren Losungen werde generell durch Bildung kurzwellig absorbierender Tautomerer verursacht. Obwohl Farbstoffe mit vergleichbaren Strukturelementen, namlich Vinyloge des Indigos [4] [ 5 ] und des Thioindigos [4] [6] [7] sowie vinyloge indigoide Farbstoffe aus der Thiazin-und Oxazinreihe [8] bekannt sind, wurde vergeblich nach einem veroffentlichten Beispiel fur eine analoge Tautomerie gesucht. Das Ziel der folgenden spektroskopischen Untersuchungen war deshalb, die farbgebende Komponente der angesauerten Losungen zu identifizieren und festzustellen, ob und unter welchen Voraussetzungen sich Gleichgewichte zwischen 1, den mit 1 korrespondierenden Farbkationen N und NN' und den Tautomeren C, CC' und NC' einstellen.…”
UV./VIS. and 'H-NMR. spectra of the indicator bases 1 in acidic solutions are presented. The solutions of the dye acids N and NN' (Scheme 2) are in general not stable due to tautomerism. The relative pKa-values are set in relation to data of equilibria and half-life periods. The latter ones depend on the substituents and on the acidity of the solutions. An inverse substituent effect observed in protic solvents is ascribed to solvolytic reactions.The dye base 1 S (X = S03Na, R = C6H5) was synthesized starting with chlorobenzene. The cyanines 2 were obtained on treatment of 1 with HC104 in CH3CN; solutions of 1 in H2S04, however, yielded on dilution tautomeric salts that were isolated as the uerchlorates 3.
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