On the initiation of unidirectional slip

Johnson, Erland

doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.1990.tb00762.x

Cited by 45 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This transition does occur, but is preceded by another form of slip pulse that is generated in response to arrest waves triggered by the forced termination of the rupture front propagating in the x direction as it enters the velocity-strengthening portion of the fault. This mechanism for generating pulselike ruptures is well known (Johnson, 1990). These rupture modes are illustrated in Figure 5.…”

Section: Ruptures On Flat Faultsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Earthquake Ruptures with Strongly Rate-Weakening Friction and Off-Fault Plasticity, Part 1: Planar Faults

Dunham

Belanger²,

Lin³

et al. 2011

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

166

212

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We study dynamic rupture propagation on flat faults using 2D plane strain models featuring strongly rate-weakening fault friction (in a rate-and-state framework) and off-fault Drucker-Prager viscoplasticity. Plastic deformation bounds stresses near the rupture front and limits slip velocities to ∼10 m=s, a bound expected to be independent of earthquake magnitude. As originally shown for ruptures in an elastic medium (Zheng and Rice, 1998), a consequence of strongly rate-weakening friction is the existence of a critical background stress level at which self-sustaining rupture propagation, in the form of self-healing slip pulses, is just barely possible. At higher background stress levels, ruptures are cracklike. This phenomenology remains unchanged when allowing for off-fault plasticity, but the critical stress level is increased. The increase depends on the extent and magnitude of plastic deformation, which is influenced by the orientation of the initial stress field and the proximity of the initial stress state to the yield surface.

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Section: Ruptures On Flat Faultsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Earthquake Ruptures with Strongly Rate-Weakening Friction and Off-Fault Plasticity, Part 1: Planar Faults

Dunham

Belanger²,

Lin³

et al. 2011

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

166

212

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…6) even though the conditions would otherwise favor the cracklike rupture mode. This provides an example of the mechanism of self-healing pulse generation discussed by Johnson (1990).…”

Section: Numerical Results For Friction Law Of Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Papageorgiou and Aki, 1983 ;Boatwright, 1988). Finally, Johnson (1990) notes another mechanism of generation of healing pulses. He shows that in some circumstances a rupture may nucleate and propagate bilaterally, but arrest suddenly at a strong barrier at one end so that a healing wave, arresting slip, spreads back over the rupture surface from that end.…”

Section: G Perrin Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-healing slip pulse on a frictional surface

Perrin¹,

Rice²,

Zheng³

1995

Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids

251

275

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Guided by seismic observations of short-duration radiated pulses in earthquake ruptures, Heaton (1990) has postulated a mechanism for the frictional sliding of two identical elastic solids that consists in the subsonic propagation of a self-healing slip velocity pulse of finite duration along the interface. The same type of pulse may be conjectured for inhomogeneous slip along sufficiently large, and compliant. technological surfaces. We analyze such pulses, first as steady traveling waves which move at constant speed, and without alteration of shape, on the interface between joined elastic half-spaces, and later as transient disturbances along such an interface, arising as slip rupture propagates spontaneously from an over-stressed nucleation site. The study is conducted in the framework of antiplane elastodynamics ; normal stress is uniform and alteration of it is not considered. We show that not all constitutive models allow for steady traveling wave pulses: the static friction threshold subsequent to the relocking of the fault must increase with time. That is, such solutions do not exist for pure velocity-dependent constitutive models, in which the stress-resisting slip on the ruptured surface is a continuously decreasing function of the instantaneous sliding rate (but not of its previous history or of other measures of the evolving state of the surface). Further, even for constitutive models that include both the rate-and state-dependence of friction. such as the laboratory-based constitutive models for friction as developed by Dieterich (1979Dieterich ( , 1981 and Ruina (1983), steady pulse solutions do not exist for versions, like one discussed by Ruina (1983), which do not allow (rapid) restrengthening in truly stationary contact. For a particular class of rate-and statedependent laws which includes such restrengthening, we establish parameter ranges for which steady pulse solutions exist, and use a numerical method stabilized by a Tikhonov-style regularization to construct the solutions. The numerical method used for the transient analysis adopts Fourier series representations for the spatial dependence of stress and slip along the interface, with the (time-dependent) coefficients in those Fourier series being related to one another in a way which obtains from exact solution to the equations of elastodynamics.This allows an efficient numerical method, based on use of the Fast Fourier Transform in each time step, with the frictional constitutive law enforced at the FFT sample points along the interface. Solutions based on a law that includes restrengthening in stationary contact show that spontaneous rupture propagation will occur either in the self-healing slip pulse mode (but not generally as a steady pulse) or in the classical enlarging-crack mode, depending on the values of parameters which enter the constitutive law. This analysis suggests that the strictly steady, traveling wave pulse solutions may either be unstable or have a limited basin of attraction.

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“…A correspondence of the mechanism leading to the apparently self-healing slip inferred in natural examples (Heaton, 1990) to the mechanism introduced in our model cannot be confirmed. From the perspective of theoretical models, self-healing is not a direct outcome of rupture models like we consider with a slip-rate-independent friction stress (Zheng and Rice, 1998); in general, it must be imposed in such models by propagating arrest phases or other interactions with heterogeneities (Day, 1982;Johnson, 1990;Perrin et al, 1995;Beroza and Mikumo, 1996;Nielsen and Carlson, 2000;Nielsen and Madariaga, 2003). Self-healing can also occur when spatially nonuniform slip can alter normal stress across a fault plane, as for sliding between elastically dissimilar solids (Weertman, 1980;Andrews and Ben-Zion, 1997;Harris and Day, 1997;Cochard and Rice, 2000) or between certain foam rubbers (Brune et al, 1993).…”

Section: Factors In Estimating Fracture Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Off-Fault Secondary Failure Induced by a Dynamic Slip Pulse

Rice¹,

Sammis²,

Parsons³

2005

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

266

350

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We develop a 2D slip-weakening description of a self-healing slip pulse that propagates dynamically in a steady-state configuration. The model is used to estimate patterns of off-fault secondary failure induced by the rupture, and also to infer fracture energies G for large earthquakes. This extends an analysis for a semiinfinite rupture (Poliakov et al., 2002) to the case of a finite slipping zone length L of the pulse. The dynamic stress drop, when divided by the drop from peak to residual strength, determines the ratio of L to the slip-weakening zone length R. Predicted off-fault damage is controlled by that scaled stress drop, static and dynamic friction coefficients, rupture velocity, principal prestress orientation, and poroelastic Skempton coefficient. All damage zone lengths can be scaled by , which is proportional R* o G/(strength drop) 2 and is the value of R in the low-rupture-velocity, low-stress-drop, limit. In contrast to the Poliakov et al. (2002) case R/L ‫ס‬ 0, the region that supports Coulomb failure reaches a maximum size on the order of when mode II rupture R* o speed approaches the Rayleigh speed. Analysis of slip pulses documented by Heaton (1990) leads to estimates of G, each with a factor-of-two model uncertainty, from 0.1 to 9 MJ/m 2 (including the factor), averaging 2-4 MJ/m 2 ; G tends to increase with the amount of slip in the event. In most cases, secondary faulting should extend, at high rupture speeds, to distances from the principal fault surface on the order of 1 to 2 Ϸ 1-80 m for a 100-MPa strength drop; that distance should vary with depth, R* o being larger near the surface. We also discuss gouge and damage processes.

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On the initiation of unidirectional slip

Cited by 45 publications

References 11 publications

Earthquake Ruptures with Strongly Rate-Weakening Friction and Off-Fault Plasticity, Part 1: Planar Faults

Earthquake Ruptures with Strongly Rate-Weakening Friction and Off-Fault Plasticity, Part 1: Planar Faults

Self-healing slip pulse on a frictional surface

Off-Fault Secondary Failure Induced by a Dynamic Slip Pulse

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