On the interactions of the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins with monoclonal antibodies and the receptor ACE2

Giron, Carolina Corrêa; Laaksonen, Aatto; Silva, Fernando Luís Barroso da

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198021

Cited by 59 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 83 publications

(161 reference statements)

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“…We focused in the S 461–493 sequence; whose immunogenicity was first validated in sheep given the lack of experimental validation of protective epitopes from the S protein. This selection was guided by the in silico prediction of B cell epitopes and by the fact that receptor binding domain (RBD) is recognized as a target of neutralizing antibodies in the case of SARS-CoV-1 [ 41 , 42 ]. The selected S 461–493 peptide induced high levels of IgG (titers up to 60,000) under an immunization scheme of three months comprising the use of a strong adjuvant; confirming that S 461–493 carries a B cell epitope.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and immunogenicity assessment of a gold nanoparticle conjugate for the delivery of a peptide from SARS-CoV-2

Farfán-Castro

García-Soto

Comas-García

et al. 2021

Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine

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The development of vaccines is a crucial response against the COVID-19 pandemic and innovative nanovaccines could increase the potential to address this remarkable challenge. In the present study a B cell epitope (S 461–493 ) from the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 was selected and its immunogenicity validated in sheep. This synthetic peptide was coupled to gold nanoparticles (AuNP) functionalized with SH-PEG-NH 2 via glutaraldehyde-mediated coupling to obtain the AuNP-S 461–493 candidate, which showed in s.c.-immunized mice a superior immunogenicity (IgG responses) when compared to soluble S 461–493 ; and lead to increased expression of relevant cytokines in splenocytes cultures. Interestingly, the response triggered by AuNP-S 461–493 was similar in magnitude to that induced using a conventional strong adjuvant (Freund's adjuvant). This study provides a platform for the development of AuNP-based nanovaccines targeting specific SARS-CoV-2 epitopes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and immunogenicity assessment of a gold nanoparticle conjugate for the delivery of a peptide from SARS-CoV-2

Farfán-Castro

García-Soto

Comas-García

et al. 2021

Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine

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“…Both have similar diameters, with the size of SARS-CoV-2 being 65–125 nm, and the size of SARS-CoV being 80–120 nm ( Shereen et al, 2020 ). The host cell receptors of both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV are the ACE-2 protein, but the affinity between SARS-CoV-2 and receptor protein is higher which would facilitate a relatively fast transmission of corresponding diseases ( Giron et al, 2020 ). Van et al (2020) have established an experimental environment to test the stability of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, and they have found that the survival time (aerosol half-life) of the two viruses in the air after artificial aerosolizing was similar, but the retention time of SARS-CoV-2 on the surfaces of objects was relatively longer, which increased the risk of resuspension.…”

Section: Influence Of Human-exhaled Aerosol On the Transmission Of Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple relationships between aerosol and COVID-19: A framework for global studies

et al. 2021

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COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) is a severe respiratory syndrome currently causing a human global pandemic. The original virus, along with newer variants, is highly transmissible. Aerosol is a multiphase system consisting of the atmosphere with suspended solid and liquid particles, which can carry toxic and harmful substances; especially the liquid components. The degree to which aerosol can carry the virus and cause COVID-19 disease is of significant research importance. In this study, we have discussed the aerosol transmission as the pathway of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), and the aerosol pollution reduction as a consequence of the COVID-19 lockdown. The aerosol transmission routes of the SARS-CoV-2 can be further subdivided into proximal human-exhaled aerosol transmission and potentially more distal ambient aerosol transmission. The human-exhaled aerosol transmission is a direct dispersion of the SARS-CoV-2. The ambient aerosol transmission is an indirect dispersion of the SARS-CoV-2 in which the aerosol act as a carrier to spread the virus. This indirect dispersion can also stimulate the up-regulation of the expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE-2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2) and protease TMPRSS2 (Transmembrane Serine Protease 2), thereby increasing the incidence and mortality of COVID-19. From the aerosol quality data around the world, it can be seen that often atmospheric pollution has significantly decreased due to factors such as the reduction of traffic, industry, cooking and coal-burning emissions during the COVID-19 lockdown. The airborne transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2, the infectivity of the virus in ambient aerosols, and the reduction of aerosol pollution levels due to the lockdowns are crucial research subjects.

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“…The existence of the furin mechanism overcomes the "default" state (mostly in the "down" conformation) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD, which is inefficient for host cell binding. The affinity of ACE2 for the SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike protein RBD has recently been reported to be similar (Wells 2020;Correa Giron et al 2020) or 10-20 times higher than that of SARS-CoV (Wrapp et al 2020). In silico modelling of the SARS-CoV-2 protease involved in virion entry into cells has disclosed a high degree of flexibility of the protein, which not only involves the site where a known inhibitor binds, but also exposes other putative sites where enzyme blockers could bind (Wells 2020).…”

Section: Structures Of Cov Surface Spike Protein S and Host Cell Recementioning

confidence: 99%

While We Wait for a Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2, Why Not Think About Available Drugs?

Barrantes

2020

Preprint

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At the time of reception of this article (April 2, 2020), efforts to develop a specific vaccine against SARS-Cov-2, the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), had just begun trial phase 1, but full validation of this and other current developments is likely to take many more months to reach completion. The ongoing pandemic constitutes a major health burden of world proportions that is also having a devastating impact on whole economies worldwide, the knock-on effects of which could be catastrophic especially in poorer countries. Alternative measures to ameliorate the impact and hamper or minimally slow down disease progression are urgently called for. This review discusses past and currently evolving data on the etiological agent of the current pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, and its host cell receptors with a view to disclosing alternative drugs for palliative or therapeutic approaches. Firstly, SARS-CoV-2 exhibits marked tropism for cells that harbor the membrane-bound metalloprotease angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) at their plasmalemma, predominantly in cells lining the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and bronchoalveolar cells, making these epithelial mucosae the most likely viral receptor cell targets and entry routes. Secondly, the crystal structures of several coronavirus spike proteins in complex with their cell host target receptors, and of SARS-Cov-2 in complex with an inhibitor, are now available at atomic resolution through X-ray diffraction and cryo-electron microscopy studies. Thirdly, viral entry of other viruses has been successfully blocked by inhibiting viral endogenous proteases or clathrin/dynamin-dependent endocytosis, the same internalization pathway followed by ACE2 and some viruses. Fourthly, the target cell-surface receptor molecules and SARS-CoV-2 possess other putative sites for drugs potentially modulating receptor activity or virus processing. A multi-pronged pharmacological approach attacking more than one flank of the viral-receptor interactions is worth considering as a front-line strategy.

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On the interactions of the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins with monoclonal antibodies and the receptor ACE2

Cited by 59 publications

References 83 publications

Synthesis and immunogenicity assessment of a gold nanoparticle conjugate for the delivery of a peptide from SARS-CoV-2

Synthesis and immunogenicity assessment of a gold nanoparticle conjugate for the delivery of a peptide from SARS-CoV-2

Multiple relationships between aerosol and COVID-19: A framework for global studies

While We Wait for a Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2, Why Not Think About Available Drugs?

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