On the interpretation of removable interactions: A survey of the field 33 years after Loftus

Wagenmakers, Eric Jan; Krypotos, Angelos‐Miltiadis; Criss, Amy H.; Iverson, Geoff

doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0158-0

Cited by 159 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…This transformation was analysed as there was a large discrepancy in mean response time for arrow cues and shape cues, and as such, interaction effects could have been artificially amplified (see for example Wagenmakers, Krypotos, Criss, & Iverson, 2012).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of episodic retrieval on inhibition in task switching.

Grange

Kowalczyk

O'Loughlin

2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Inhibition in task switching is inferred from n-2 repetition costs: the observation that ABA task switching sequences are responded to slower than CBA sequences. This is thought to reflect the persisting inhibition of task A, which slows re-activation attempts. Mayr (2002) reported an experiment testing a critical non-inhibitory account of this effect, namely episodic retrieval: If the trial parameters for task A match across an ABA sequence, responses should be facilitated due to priming from episodic retrieval; a cost would occur if trial parameters mismatch. In a rule-switching paradigm, Mayr reported no significant difference in n-2 repetition cost when the trial parameters repeated or switched across an ABA sequence, in clear contrast to the episodic retrieval account. What remains unclear is whether successful episodic retrieval modulates the n-2 repetition cost. Across three experiments-including a close replication of Mayr-we find clear evidence of reduced n-2 task repetition costs when episodic retrieval is controlled. We find that the effect of episodic retrieval on the n-2 task repetition cost is increased when the cue-task relationship is made more abstract, suggesting the effect is due to interference in establishing the relevant attentional set. We also demonstrate that the episodic retrieval effect is not influenced by retrieval of low-level, perceptual, elements. Together, the data suggest the n-2 task repetition cost-typically attributable to an inhibitory mechanismalso reflects episodic retrieval effects.Keywords: Task switching; inhibition, n-2 repetition cost, episodic retrieval, cognitive controlWe are grateful to Ulrich Mayr, Michael Masson, and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on a previous version of this article. Please address correspondence to James A. Grange, School of Psychology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Keele University, Keele, UK, ST5 5BG. Email: grange.jim@gmail.com. All raw data and analysis code are available to download at http://bit.ly/1P5cd0G.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of episodic retrieval on inhibition in task switching.

Grange

Kowalczyk

O'Loughlin

2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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“…Children generally perform poorer than adults. Comparing scores from different regions of a probability function is a tricky business (Boothroyd and Nittrouer, 1988;Wagenmakers et al, 2012). For example, it is rarely the case that the difference between 20% and 30% represents the same magnitude of effect as the difference between 80% and 90%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children weight dynamic spectral structure more than adults: Evidence from equivalent signals

Lowenstein

Nittrouer

Tarr

2012

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Earlier work using sine-wave and noise-vocoded signals suggests that dynamic spectral structure plays a greater role in speech recognition for children than adults [Nittrouer and Lowenstein. (2010). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 127, 1624–1635], but questions arise concerning whether outcomes can be compared because sine waves and wide noise bands are different in nature. The current study addressed that question using narrow noise bands for both signals, and applying a difference ratio to index the contribution made by dynamic spectral structure. Results replicated earlier findings, supporting the idea that dynamic spectral structure plays a critical role in speech recognition, especially for children.

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“…A similar issue has received some attention in psychology, specifically in mathematical psychology (e.g., Krantz & Tversky, 1971;Luce & Tukey, 1964), memory and aging (e.g., Loftus, 1978;Naveh-Benjamin & Craik, 1998;Salthouse, 2000;Wagenmakers, Krypotos, Criss, & Iverson, 2012), and the study of developmental differences (e.g., Baron & Treiman, 1980;Bogartz, 1976). These papers highlight the fact that not all interactions are equally interpretable.…”

Section: Removable and Non-removable Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 93%

How much better? The challenge of interpreting interactions in intervention studies

Fischer‐Baum

2014

Aphasiology

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The weighted statistics (WEST) approach recommended by Howard, Best, and Nickels (2014) provides a simple, statistically rigorous method for comparing the size of a treatment effect that can be used for comparisons across conditions (e.g., trained vs. untrained items), time (e.g., improvement during baseline testing vs. pre-to post-treatment improvement), participants, or intervention method. The approach analyses the change in per cent correct between pre-and post-intervention for each item used in the study by subtracting the per cent correct between the two conditions, using item-to-item variability to assess statistical significance. The recommendations made by Howard and colleagues will undoubtedly strengthen the inferences that can be drawn from single-case intervention studies. However, I have some concerns with the statistical approach they suggest. While using difference scores is a convenient way to measure the size of an effect, alternative measures may better capture the goals of an intervention study. The choice of effect size can have serious consequences for the statistical inferences drawn from a study, particularly when the central question relies on the interpretation of an interaction. Furthermore, there are serious statistical problems with comparing differences in per cent correct using parametric statistics like t-tests and analyses of variance (ANOVAs) as suggested by the WEST approach (e.g., Jaeger, 2008). I believe that consideration of these statistical issues will further strengthen single-case design intervention studies. Different measures of effect size can lead to different conclusionsConsider an intervention study in which two participants are given the same intervention and assessed pre-and post-intervention. Participant A improves from 30% to 50% accuracy and Participant B from 70% to 90%. According to the WEST approach the participants benefitted equally from the treatment, but, because the two participants started at different points at baseline, it is not clear that the 20% improvement benefits both the participants the same. Participant A's improvement may result in larger effect on the participant's ability to communicate independently than Participant B. Alternatively, the psychological notion of a learning curve assumes initially rapid progress that slows as the learner approaches maximum performance, making Participant B's improvement more impressive than Participant A. Intuitively it is clear that two participants who have the same change in accuracy have not necessarily benefitted from the intervention equally. Furthermore, different ways of thinking about the effectiveness of an intervention can lead to different conclusions about who benefited more from the treatment. The appropriate *

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On the interpretation of removable interactions: A survey of the field 33 years after Loftus

Cited by 159 publications

References 69 publications

The effect of episodic retrieval on inhibition in task switching.

The effect of episodic retrieval on inhibition in task switching.

Children weight dynamic spectral structure more than adults: Evidence from equivalent signals

How much better? The challenge of interpreting interactions in intervention studies

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