On the issue of the techniques to produce mass and low–price tungsten oxide nanopowder

Suppressing the Agglomeration of ZnO Nanoparticles in Air by Doping with Lower Electronegativity Metallic Ions: Implications for Ag/ZnO Electrical Contact Composites

“…Generally, the OH groups (hydroxyl groups) adsorbed on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles were considered the main cause of their agglomeration. − To be more specific, the OH groups suspended on the surfaces of oxides are attracted to each other by the formation of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. In addition, superabundant adsorbed OH groups form a high concentration of water layer on the surface of nanoparticles, and some organic or oxygen bridge connecting the grains can be formed in the water layer under the strong surface energy of ZnO nanoparticles. − Some attempts have been made to suppress the agglomeration of oxide nanoparticles, − including the preparation of nanoparticles in the anhydrous environment ,, and cladding the neutral functional groups. − …”

Changes in Mechanical Characteristics of HPC Samples Modified with WC and WO₃ Nanopowder Agglomerates

“…Some of the significant problems in the mass application of nanodisperse additives in the composition of HPC, is their high cost and weak resistance to intense dynamic loads. In papers [3,5], described the possibility of obtaining a number of powder compositions, the use of which is possible as modifying additives in HPC.…”

“…Based on studies [3][4][5][6], the introduction of agglomerates of WC and WO3 nanopowders into the structure of polymers leads to a significant improvement in their mechanical characteristics.…”

“…In this work it will be determined the changes in the shock resistance, fracture resistance and energy absorption values of HPC samples modified with WC and WO3 nanopowders obtained by the technology [3].…”

Influence of Tungsten Nanopowders on the Kinetics of Cement Stone Strength Gain

“…The main obstacle to the introduction of such additives all over the world is the high cost of methods of their synthesis and dispersion. To solve this problem, we have proposed the use of nanopowders of tungsten carbide and a mixture of tungsten carbide and titanium, obtained from carbide production waste by technology [11][12], which allows obtaining nanopowders at low cost, and the possibility of producing powders in large quantities.…”