On the Life Cycle of Contracaecum spiculigerum (Rud.)

Thomas, Lyell J.

doi:10.2307/3272243

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Whereas Thomas (1937a) observed two larval moults inside the egg shell of this parasite and considered the hatched larvae to be at the third stage, Mozgovoy et al (1965Mozgovoy et al ( , 1968, Huizinga (1966) and Bartlett (1996) observed only one moult within the egg and took the hatched larvae for the secondstage larvae. The data by Thomas (1937a) concerning the two moults of larvae in the egg of C. rudolphii has recently been confirmed by Dziekońska-Rynko and Rokicki (2007), as well as by the results of the present paper. This pattern of moulting is also found in other anisakid nematodes, such as Contracaecum osculatum (Rudolphi, 1802), Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802), Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809) or Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) (see , Køie and Fagerholm 1993, 1995, Adroher et al 2004.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…While Huizinga (1966) considered copepods to be transport (= paratenic) hosts, Bartlett (1996) designated them as "precursor hosts", emphasizing their possible role as a source of infection for amphipods. Our study clearly shows, as previously indicated by Thomas (1937a), Huizinga (1966) and Bartlett (1996), that copepods are not obligatory for the development of C. rudolphii and, therefore, serve only as paratenic hosts (see also Dziekońska-Rynko and Rokicki 2004); because the larvae increase in size in copepods, the latter may be designated metaparatenic hosts (Odening 1976). Mozgovoy et al (1965Mozgovoy et al ( , 1968 successfully infected predatory nymphs of aquatic insects (Odonata) with C. rudolphii third-stage larvae by feeding them experimentally infected copepods; because later they used these infected dragonflies for successful experimental infection of two young cormorants, these insects were considered to be the second intermediate hosts, as also the fish fry previously infected via infected copepods.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…This pattern of moulting is also found in other anisakid nematodes, such as Contracaecum osculatum (Rudolphi, 1802), Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802), Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809) or Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) (see , Køie and Fagerholm 1993, 1995, Adroher et al 2004. Thomas (1937a) demonstrated that the hatched thirdstage larvae are already infective to fish hosts by exposing 30 guppies (P. reticulata) to free-living larvae in small dishes; 1-2 days later, he found that only 3 of them were infected with free larvae located mostly in the intestine and rarely in the body cavity. Huizinga (1966) considered the hatched larvae to be only partly infective to fish that ingested them directly, because only 1 of 200 guppies exposed to these larvae harboured 3 larvae in the mesentery 16 days p.i.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Although the life cycle of Contracaecum rudolphii (earlier under the synonym C. spiculigerum) was experimentally studied by a few authors in North America (Thomas 1937a,b, Huizinga 1966, Bartlett 1996 and Europe (Mozgovoy et al 1965, 1968, Dziekońska-Rynko and Rokicki 2007, their observations considerably differ from each other mainly in the evaluation of the role played by different animal groups in the cycle. Whereas Thomas (1937a) observed two larval moults inside the egg shell of this parasite and considered the hatched larvae to be at the third stage, Mozgovoy et al (1965Mozgovoy et al ( , 1968, Huizinga (1966) and Bartlett (1996) observed only one moult within the egg and took the hatched larvae for the secondstage larvae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is apparent from the results of this paper that fishes, although the most important source of C. rudolphii infection for cormorants, are not quite necessary for completing the parasite's life cycle and they evidently serve only as paratenic (metaparatenic) hosts. Thomas (1937a) successfully infected Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède) by feeding them parasitized guppies; 1-3 days p.i. he found in them several small C. rudolphii larvae (averaged 353 µm in length) in the intestine and a single larva 1.117 mm long encapsulated in the mesenteries; no infection was recorded in M. salmoides 13 days p.i.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental studies on the development of Contracaecum rudolphii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in copepod and fish paratenic hosts

Moravec

2009

FOLIA PARASIT

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Abstract:The larval development of the nematode Contracaecum rudolphii (Rudolphi, 1819), a common parasite of the proventriculus of cormorants, was experimentally studied. Within the eggs cultivated in freshwater under laboratory temperatures of 20-22 °C, the developing larva undergoes two moults on days 4-5, attaining the third larval stage. Most of the ensheathed third-stage larvae, 291-457 µm long, hatch spontaneously from egg shells on days 5-6. Experiments have indicated that hatched ensheated third-stage larvae and those still inside egg capsules are already infective to copepods and fishes, which both can be considered paratenic (metaparatenic) hosts. Five copepod species, Acanthocyclops vernalis, Cyclops strenuus, Ectocyclops phaleratus, Eucyclops serrulatus and Megacyclops viridis, the isopod Asellus aquaticus and small carps Cyprinus carpio were infected by feeding them these larvae. In addition, 9 fish species, Alburnoides bipunctatus, Anguilla anguilla, Barbatula barbatula, Cyprinus carpio, Gobio gobio, Perca fluviatilis, Phoxinus phoxinus, Poecilia reticulata and Tinca tinca, were successfully infected by feeding them copepods previously infected with C. rudolphii third-stage larvae. In fishes, larvae from copepods penetrate through the intestinal wall to the body cavity, where, in a few weeks, they become encapsulated; the larvae substantially grow in fish, attaining the body length up to 4.87 mm. In carp fry, the nematode third-stage larvae survived for about 15 months (up to 18 months in fish infected directly, i.e., without copepods). One small cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) was successfully infected by feeding it with copepods harbouring C. rudolphii third-stage larvae.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%