On the MAC/Network/Energy Performance Evaluation of Wireless Sensor Networks: Contrasting MPH, AODV, DSR and ZTR Routing Protocols

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks deliver valuable information for long periods, then it is desirable to have optimum performance, reduced delays, low overhead, and reliable delivery of information. In this work, proposed metrics that influence energy consumption are used for a performance comparison among our proposed routing protocol, called Multi-Parent Hierarchical (MPH), the well-known protocols for sensor networks, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Zigbee Tree Routing (ZTR), all of them working with the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC layer. Results show how some communication metrics affect performance, throughput, reliability and energy consumption. It can be concluded that MPH is an efficient protocol since it reaches the best performance against the other three protocols under evaluation, such as 19.3% reduction of packet retransmissions, 26.9% decrease of overhead, and 41.2% improvement on the capacity of the protocol for recovering the topology from failures with respect to AODV protocol. We implemented and tested MPH in a real network of 99 nodes during ten days and analyzed parameters as number of hops, connectivity and delay, in order to validate our simulator and obtain reliable results. Moreover, an energy model of CC2530 chip is proposed and used for simulations of the four aforementioned protocols, showing that MPH has 15.9% reduction of energy consumption with respect to AODV, 13.7% versus DSR, and 5% against ZTR.

Study of Multi-Armed Bandits for Energy Conservation in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks

“…According to the Nyquist sampling theorem, the sampling period must be less than or equal to $\frac{\tau }{2}$ when the bandwidth sampling is $\frac{1}{\tau }$. As shown in Figure 7, we insert virtual sample values $b_{k+j}=0（\text{j}=0,\text{1},\dots ,\text{n}-\text{1}）$, and when the ACK is not received at t k , and virtual sampling interval is $\frac{\tau }{m}(m\ge 2)$, namely ${\hat{t}}_{k+j+1}-{\hat{t}}_{k+j}=\frac{\tau }{m}$, ${\hat{t}}_{k+j}$ is the virtual sampling time, when an ACK arrival moment is $t_{k+n}$, $b_{k+n}=\frac{d_{k+n}}{t_{k+n}-t_{k+n-1}}$ [49,50,51]. …”

Comparison Between Reactive and Proactive Protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks: Railway Application

“…In addition, this protocol has been tested with several performance metrics for WSNs versus reactive routing protocols and against the Zigbee protocol, which is a fast and efficient protocol. The MPH protocol has presented better performance than the previous ones with respect to efficiency and availability of valid routes, overhead and energy consumption, among other performance characteristics of the network [8].…”

“…ZRP uses zones similar and are constrained in energy consumption. The problem of energy use in WSNs is tackled in the utility of such networks in the environments that cannot always allow constant access of humans to change the batteries [8].…”

CSNOMA: Carrier Sense Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access

“…Because WSN uses devices with small transmission power, the transmission distance is often short. In order to increase the distance of information transmission, many routing protocols have been studied, and the MAC researchers have mainly focused on the combination of the MAC and the network layer, and thus more energy saving techniques have been studied [ 10 , 11 ]. The distributed MAC protocol can be designed under the idea of utilizing interference to improve ASE.…”