On the Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling During the May 2021 Geomagnetic Storm

In this work we present the High‐Energy Particle Detector (HEPD‐01) observations of proton fluxes from space during the 28 October 2021 solar energetic particle event, which produced a ground‐level enhancement on Earth. The event was associated with the major, long‐duration X1‐class flare and the concomitant coronal mass ejection (CME) that erupted from the Active Region 12887. This is the first direct measurement from space of solar particles emitted during the current solar cycle, recorded by a single instrument in the energy range from ∼50 MeV/n up to ∼250 MeV/n. We have performed a Weibull‐modeled spectral analysis of the energy spectrum in the wide energy range 300 keV–250 MeV, obtained from combination of HEPD‐01 proton measurements with the ones from ACE/ULEIS, SOHO/EPHIN, and SOHO/ERNE. The good agreement between data and model, also corroborated by a comparison with other spectral shapes commonly used in these studies, suggests that particles could have possibly been accelerated out from the ambient corona through the contribution of stochastic acceleration at the CME‐driven shock, even if the presence of seed populations influencing spectral shape could not be excluded. Finally, a Solar Proton Release time of 16:01 UTC ± 13 min and a magnetic path‐length of L = 1.32 ± 0.24 AU have been obtained, in agreement with previous results for this event. We remark that new and precise data on protons in the tens/hundreds MeV energy range—like the one provided by HEPD‐01—could shed more light on particle acceleration as well as provide a reliable parametrization of solar energetic particle spectra for Space Weather purposes.

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“…(2021) and in Piersanti et al. (2022). More technical details on the instrument itself can be found in Picozza et al.…”

Section: Limadou Mission and High‐energy Particle Detectormentioning

confidence: 86%

“…,Martucci et al (2022),Palma et al (2021) and inPiersanti et al (2022). More technical details on the instrument itself can be found inPicozza et al (2019),Ambrosi et al (2020),Sotgiu et al (2020), andAmbrosi et al (2021).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The First Ground‐Level Enhancement of Solar Cycle 25 as Seen by the High‐Energy Particle Detector (HEPD‐01) on Board the CSES‐01 Satellite

et al. 2023

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“…The payload is optimized to measure electrons in the 3-100 MeV energy range, and protons between ∼40 and 250 MeV, as well as light nuclei with a ±60°field of view and a geometrical acceptance of more than 400 cm 2 sr. The HEPD-01 capabilities for galactic and trapped protons and space weather studies have already been assessed in Bartocci et al (2020), Martucci et al (2022), Palma et al 2021, andin Piersanti et al (2022). More technical details on the mission and the instrument itself can be found in previous publications (Picozza et al 2019;Ambrosi et al 2020;Sotgiu et al 2020;Ambrosi et al 2021).…”

Section: Limadou Mission and The Hepd-01 Detectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Time Dependence of 50–250 MeV Galactic Cosmic-Ray Protons between Solar Cycles 24 and 25, Measured by the High-energy Particle Detector on board the CSES-01 Satellite

Martucci

Ammendola

Badoni

et al. 2023

ApJL

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Time-dependent energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) carry crucial information regarding their origin and propagation throughout the interstellar environment. When observed at the Earth, after traversing the interplanetary medium, such spectra are heavily affected by the solar wind and the embedded solar magnetic field permeating the inner sectors of the heliosphere. The activity of the Sun changes significantly over an 11 yr solar cycle—and so does the effect on cosmic particles; this translates into a phenomenon called solar modulation. Moreover, GCR spectra during different epochs of solar activity provide invaluable information for a complete understanding of the plethora of mechanisms taking place in various layers of the Sun’s atmosphere and how they evolve over time. The High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-01) has been continuously collecting data since 2018 August, during the quiet phase between solar cycles 24 and 25; the activity of the Sun is slowly but steadily rising and is expected to peak around 2025/2026. In this paper, we present the first spectra for ∼50–250 MeV galactic protons measured by the HEPD-01 instrument—placed on board the CSES-01 satellite—from 2018 August to 2022 March over a one-Carrington-rotation time basis. Such data are compared to the ones from other spaceborne experiments, present (e.g., EPHIN, Parker Solar Probe) and past (PAMELA), and to a state-of-the-art three-dimensional model describing the GCRs propagation through the heliosphere.

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“…Since the end of the commissioning phase in August 2018, HEPD-01 has been returning valuable information on galactic protons (Bartocci et al 2020) and their solar modulation , trapped protons in the South Atlantic Anomaly (Martucci et al 2022), and space weather phenomena, such as geomagnetic storms (Palma et al 2021;Piersanti et al 2022) and solar energetic particle events . A more detailed description of the HEPD-01 detector can be found in Picozza et al (2019), Ambrosi et al (2020), andAmbrosi et al (2021).…”

Section: Cses-01 Mission and The Hepd-01 Detectormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As for previous space weather studies (Palma et al 2021;Piersanti et al 2022), these trigger-configuration rate meters have proven extremely helpful for GRB detection, as the online high-energy threshold configuration, T & P1 & P2, is useless due to the very low-energy particles involved in such phenomena, whereas the rate meter of a less deep configuration (such as T) exhibits a clear and significant response to transients of various physical nature.…”

Section: Hepd-01 Data Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma-Ray Burst Observations by the High-Energy Particle Detector on board the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite between 2019 and 2021

Palma,

Martucci,

Neubüser

et al. 2023

ApJ

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In this paper we report the detection of five strong gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) by the High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-01) mounted on board the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite, operational since 2018 on a Sun-synchronous polar orbit at a ∼507 km altitude and 97° inclination. HEPD-01 was designed to detect high-energy electrons in the energy range 3–100 MeV, protons in the range 30–300 MeV, and light nuclei in the range 30–300 MeV n−1. Nonetheless, Monte Carlo simulations have shown HEPD-01 is sensitive to gamma-ray photons in the energy range 300 keV–50 MeV, even if with a moderate effective area above ∼5 MeV. A dedicated time correlation analysis between GRBs reported in literature and signals from a set of HEPD-01 trigger configuration masks has confirmed the anticipated detector sensitivity to high-energy photons. A comparison between the simultaneous time profiles of HEPD-01 electron fluxes and photons from GRB190114C, GRB190305A, GRB190928A, GRB200826B, and GRB211211A has shown a remarkable similarity, in spite of the different energy ranges. The high-energy response, with peak sensitivity at about 2 MeV, and moderate effective area of the detector in the actual flight configuration explain why these five GRBs, characterized by a fluence above ∼3 × 10−5 erg cm−2 in the energy interval 300 keV–50 MeV, have been detected.

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On the Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling During the May 2021 Geomagnetic Storm

Cited by 7 publications

References 128 publications

The First Ground‐Level Enhancement of Solar Cycle 25 as Seen by the High‐Energy Particle Detector (HEPD‐01) on Board the CSES‐01 Satellite

The First Ground‐Level Enhancement of Solar Cycle 25 as Seen by the High‐Energy Particle Detector (HEPD‐01) on Board the CSES‐01 Satellite

Time Dependence of 50–250 MeV Galactic Cosmic-Ray Protons between Solar Cycles 24 and 25, Measured by the High-energy Particle Detector on board the CSES-01 Satellite

Gamma-Ray Burst Observations by the High-Energy Particle Detector on board the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite between 2019 and 2021

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