On the mechanism of grain refinement in Al–Zr–Ti alloys

Atamanenko, T.V.; Eskin, Dmitry; Sluiter, Marcel H. F.; Katgerman, L.

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.09.046

Cited by 85 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This was confirmed for primary intermetallics [17] and Si [18] as well as for primary aluminium dendrites [19]. Isothermal ultrasonic treatment in the semi-solid state results rather in grain coarsening [20]. This effect is most likely to be a result of limited cavitation and flow extent in the mushy semi-solid environment, while the thermal energy produced by cavitation causes re-heating of the semi-solid material with ensuing coarsening.…”

Section: Main Mechanisms and Applications Of Ultrasonic Melt Processingmentioning

confidence: 66%

Ultrasonic processing of molten and solidifying aluminium alloys: Overview and outlook

Eskin

2017

Materials Science and Technology

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Abstract. Ultrasonic melt processing attracts a lot of interest both from academic researchers and industry. Despite a long history of the subject, with first accounts dating back to the 1930s, the physics, mechanisms and practical applications are still under development. In the second half of the XXth century, pilot-and industrial scale applications of ultrasonic processing of light alloys were demonstrated for melt degassing, filtration, grain refinement, melt atomisation, and zone refining. In the last 10 years the interest to ultrasonic melt processing grew with regard to understanding the underlying mechanisms of previously established effects, developing numerical models of ultrasonic cavitation and the development of nanocomposite technology. This review paper summarises the mechanisms involved in the ultrasonic melt processing, including cavitation, flows, nucleation, activation, fragmentation and their consequences for degassing, structure refinement and particle dispersion. Some typical mistakes made by researchers in performing experiments and in interpretation of the results are discussed. New advanced methods of studying ultrasonic treatment and phenomena are considered. The paper also gives an outlook to future developments and challenges.

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Section: Main Mechanisms and Applications Of Ultrasonic Melt Processingmentioning

confidence: 66%

Ultrasonic processing of molten and solidifying aluminium alloys: Overview and outlook

Eskin

2017

Materials Science and Technology

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“…It has been suggested and demonstrated that ultrasonic treatment results in fragmentation of primary intermetallics, increasing their number [8][9][10]. In order to analyze the effect of ultrasonic treatment on formation of Al 3 Ti and related grain refinement in a hyperperitectic Al-Ti alloy, the Al-0.4 wt% Ti alloy was subjected to UST in the solidification range of Al 3 Ti, from 720 to 680°C.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The graphite crucible was used instead of a copper mold in previous experiments [9,10] for solidification, which provided a lower cooling rate of 0.5-0.8 K/s. Figure 4 gives the overview of primary intermetallics in the Al-0.4 wt% Zr-0.12 wt% Ti alloy cast with and without UST.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of ultrasonic melt treatment on the formation of primary intermetallics and related grain refinement in aluminum alloys

2011

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Ultrasonic melt treatment (UST) is known to induce grain refining in aluminum alloys. Previous studies have clearly shown that in Al-Zr-Ti alloys, the primary Al 3 Zr intermetallics were dramatically refined by cavitation-assisted fragmentation, and a good refinement effect was achieved. In this article, Al-Ti, Al-Ti-Zr alloys, and some commercial aluminum alloys are used to analyze the effect of UST on primary intermetallics and grain refinement. The addition of a small amount of Al-3Ti-B master alloy is also studied in order to compare with the addition of Ti and Zr in commercial aluminum alloys. Experimental results show that the ultrasonic grain refining effect is not only related to the size of particles which are refined and/or dispersed by UST, but also related to an undercooling available for activation of these particles in the solidification process. Athermal heterogeneous nucleation theory is considered to explain the effect of size and distribution of substrate particles on the grain structure with different undercoolings. The distribution of primary particle sizes results in the distribution of required undercoolings. Grain refining occurs when the undercooling is large enough to activate the refined primary intermetallics or dispersed inoculants.

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“…14,15 The experimental data, 9 however, showed that the Ti presence is beneficial for the grain refinement with Al 3 Zr particles. The effect of Ti could be twofold.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Al-Zr-Ti Master Alloy for Ultrasonic Grain Refinement of Wrought and Foundry Aluminum Alloys

Sreekumar

Eskin

2016

JOM

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A new grain refiner master alloy based on the Al-Zr-Ti system was prepared by salt-assisted synthesis. Of the Al 3 Zr particles in the master alloy, 90% were ranged between 1 lm and 13 lm. An 80% reduction in the grain size was observed with the addition of an equivalent 0.2 wt.% Zr master alloy combined with ultrasonic treatment in an Al alloy. The new master alloy demonstrated a 30% improvement in grain refinement efficiency as compared to the master alloy prepared from conventional binary master alloys.

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On the mechanism of grain refinement in Al–Zr–Ti alloys

Cited by 85 publications

References 17 publications

Ultrasonic processing of molten and solidifying aluminium alloys: Overview and outlook

Ultrasonic processing of molten and solidifying aluminium alloys: Overview and outlook

Influence of ultrasonic melt treatment on the formation of primary intermetallics and related grain refinement in aluminum alloys

A New Al-Zr-Ti Master Alloy for Ultrasonic Grain Refinement of Wrought and Foundry Aluminum Alloys

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