On the move around the clock: correlates and determinants of cathemeral activity in wild redfronted lemurs ( Eulemur fulvus rufus )

Kappeler, Peter M.; Erkert, Hans G.

doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0652-x

Cited by 139 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Light level and ambient temperature sensors in tandem with accelerometry permit examination of activity timing in relation to environmental conditions [58][59][60][61]. Accelerometers and remotely-sensed location via GPS, compass, depth or acoustic sensors provide the spatial distributions of accelerometer-determined behaviors [62][63][64][65][66] and can lead to novel insights about species' behavioral ecology.…”

Section: Survey Of Questions Currently Served By Accelerometry: Body mentioning

confidence: 99%

Observing the unwatchable through acceleration logging of animal behavior

et al. 2013

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Behavior is an important mechanism of evolution and it is paid for through energy expenditure. Nevertheless, field biologists can rarely observe animals for more than a fraction of their daily activities and attempts to quantify behavior for modeling ecological processes often exclude cryptic yet important behavioral events. Over the past few years, an explosion of research on remote monitoring of animal behavior using acceleration sensors has smashed the decades-old limits of observational studies. Animal-attached accelerometers measure the change in velocity of the body over time and can quantify fine-scale movements and body postures unlimited by visibility, observer bias, or the scale of space use. Pioneered more than a decade ago, application of accelerometers as a remote monitoring tool has recently surged thanks to the development of more accessible hardware and software. It has been applied to more than 120 species of animals to date. Accelerometer measurements are typically collected in three dimensions of movement at very high resolution (>10 Hz), and have so far been applied towards two main objectives. First, the patterns of accelerometer waveforms can be used to deduce specific behaviors through animal movement and body posture. Second, the variation in accelerometer waveform measurements has been shown to correlate with energy expenditure, opening up a suite of scientific questions in species notoriously difficult to observe in the wild. To date, studies of wild aquatic species outnumber wild terrestrial species and analyses of social behaviors are particularly few in number. Researchers of domestic and captive species also tend to report methodology more thoroughly than those studying species in the wild. There are substantial challenges to getting the most out of accelerometers, including validation, calibration, and the management and analysis of large quantities of data. In this review, we illustrate how accelerometers work, provide an overview of the ecological questions that have employed accelerometry, and highlight the emerging best practices for data acquisition and analysis. This tool offers a level of detail in behavioral studies of free-ranging wild animals that has previously been impossible to achieve and, across scientific disciplines, it improves understanding of the role of behavioral mechanisms in ecological and evolutionary processes. AbstractResumen: El comportamiento es un mecanismo importante de la evolución y que se paga a través del gasto de energía. Sin embargo, los biólogos de campo raramente observan los animales durante más de una fracción de sus actividades y los intentos de cuantificar el comportamiento para el modelado de los procesos ecológicos a menudo excluyen eventos crípticos pero importantes. En los últimos años se produjeron avances importantes en el monitoreo remoto del comportamiento de los animales, utilizando sensores de telemétro de aceleración (acelerómetros) que empujan los límites tradicionales de los estudios observacionales. Acelerómetros uni...

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Section: Survey Of Questions Currently Served By Accelerometry: Body mentioning

confidence: 99%

Observing the unwatchable through acceleration logging of animal behavior

et al. 2013

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“…Most attempts to explain the occurrence of cathemerality in Eulemur and Hapalemur have relied on adaptive explanations, which assume that cathemerality is both benefi cial and stable (i.e., maintained by stabilizing selection) in these genera [Engqvist and Richard, 1991;Curtis et al, 1999;Donati et al, 1999;Rasmussen, 1999;Wright, 1999]. By contrast, other researchers have suggested that cathemerality in Eulemur and Hapalemur represents a non-adaptive transitional state between nocturnality and diurnality [van Schaik and Kappeler, 1996;Kappeler and Erkert, 2003]. According to this 'Evolutionary Disequilibrium Hypothesis' (EDH), all extant lemur species were nocturnal until the arrival of humans in Madagascar approximately 2000 years before present.…”

Section: Evolutionary Disequilibrium Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patterns of cathemerality are relatively well studied in Eulemur [Curtis and Rasmussen, 2002;Kappeler and Erkert, 2003], and the potential adaptive signifi cance of cathemerality in this clade has been the subject of intense debate [Engqvist and Richard, 1991;van Schaik and Kappeler, 1996;Curtis et al, 1999;Donati et al, 1999;Wright, 1999;Kappeler and Erkert, 2003]. However, nearly everything that is known about the visual anatomy of the various Eulemur species is derived from older analyses that were conducted prior to the development of many contemporary methods for visualization and quantifi cation of retinal features (e.g., photoreceptor immunolabeling [Wikler and Rakic, 1990]).…”

Section: Visual Anatomy Of Cathemeral Primatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye Morphology in Cathemeral Lemurids and Other Mammals

Kirk¹

2006

IJFP

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The visual systems of cathemeral mammals are subject to selection pressures that are not encountered by strictly diurnal or nocturnal species. In particular, the cathemeral eye and retina must be able to function effectively across a broad range of ambient light intensities. This paper provides a review of the current state of knowledge regarding the visual anatomy of cathemeral primates, and presents an analysis of the influence of cathemerality on eye morphology in the genus Eulemur. Due to the mutual antagonism between most adaptations for increased visual acuity and sensitivity, cathemeral lemurs are expected to resemble other cathemeral mammals in having eye morphologies that are intermediate between those of diurnal and nocturnal close relatives. However, if lemurs only recently adopted cathemeral activity patterns, then cathemeral lemurids would be expected to demonstrate eye morphologies more comparable to those of nocturnal strepsirrhines. Both predictions were tested through a comparative study of relative cornea size in mammals. Intact eyes were collected from 147 specimens of 55 primate species, and relative corneal dimensions were compared to measurements taken from a large sample of non-primate mammals. These data reveal that the five extant species of the cathemeral genus Eulemur have relative cornea sizes intermediate between those of diurnal and nocturnal strepsirrhines. Moreover, all Eulemur species have relative cornea sizes that are comparable to those of cathemeral non-primate mammals and significantly smaller than those of nocturnal mammals. These results suggest that Eulemur species resemble other cathemeral mammals in having eyes that are adapted to function under variable environmental light levels. These results also suggest that cathemerality is a relatively ancient adaptation in Eulemur that was present in the last common ancestor of the genus (ca. 8–12 MYA).

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“…Fernandez-Duque and Erkert (2006) was excluded because the individuals darted are the same ones described in Fernandez-Duque and Rotundo (2003). Kappeler and Erkert (2003), Ostner and Kappeler (1999), Port et al (2009), and Wimmer and Kappeler (2002) report the same captured red-fronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus) as those described in Ostner and Kappeler (2004), 98 individuals captured between 1996 and 2002; we considered only the latter study. Akinyi et al (2013) report captured individuals that belonged to the same population described in Tung et al (2011).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Darting Primates: Steps Toward Procedural and Reporting Standards

et al. 2017

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Darting, a common method of capturing wild primates, poses risks to the individuals that must be appropriately minimized. A recent article in the International Journal of Primatology by Cunningham et al. (International Journal of Primatology, 36(5), 894-915, 2015) presented a literature review of the reporting of darting procedures in primatology and anonymously surveyed primatologists on darting methods and their effects, to report general trends in the field. We quantitatively reexamined 29 articles described by the authors as having information on fatalities and/or injuries. We think that the various body masses of primates (1 kg-150 kg), along with their locations and habitat types, and the degree of experience of the darting team, should be considered when estimating mortality and injury rates, and thus preclude the computation of an average mortality value across taxa. Nevertheless, we computed an average (mean) for comparison with the previous analyses. Our mean estimated mortality rate was 2.5% and the mean estimated injury risk was 1.5% (N = 21 articles). Thus, our estimated mortality rate is smaller than the combined mortality and injury rate of 5% reported by Cunningham et al. 2015) and smaller than the mortality rates of medium-sized terrestrial mammals they used for comparison. Our study strongly suggests the critical need for more data to be analyzed in a standardized fashion.

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On the move around the clock: correlates and determinants of cathemeral activity in wild redfronted lemurs ( Eulemur fulvus rufus )

Cited by 139 publications

References 65 publications

Observing the unwatchable through acceleration logging of animal behavior

Observing the unwatchable through acceleration logging of animal behavior

Eye Morphology in Cathemeral Lemurids and Other Mammals

Darting Primates: Steps Toward Procedural and Reporting Standards

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