On the Origin of the Tetrapod Limb

Holmgren, Nils

doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1933.tb00009.x

Cited by 174 publications

(162 citation statements)

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“…In fact, in the first hypothesis put forward to explain the aberrant urodele pattern, Holmgren (1933) and later Jarvik (1942Jarvik ( , 1965 considered the differences between patterning of the limb skeleton of salamanders and all other tetrapods so profound that they proposed a dual origin of tetrapods. Therein, Holmgren (1933) proposed a relationship between Dipnoi and urodeles (Fig. 4), while Jarvik (1942Jarvik ( , 1965) supported a urodele-porolepiform relationship.…”

Section: Developmental Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anatomists recognized these patterns as early as the late 19 th century, which sparked discussions on the early evolution and origin(s) of the tetrapod limb. Historically, Gegenbaur 1864 was the first to state that the salamander limb is the most ancestral of all tetrapods and derived it from a uniserial fin comparable to that of Neoceratodus, a concept that had been repeatedly revisited and discussed during the early days of research on tetrapod limb evolution (Holmgren, 1933(Holmgren, , 1939(Holmgren, , 1942Jarvik, 1965). Strasser (1879) was among the first to provide a comprehensive description of the skeletal development in salamanders on the basis of the genera Salamandra, Triturus, Ichthyosaura, and Lissotriton (the latter three all termed Triton therein), which was followed by further detailed studies by a number of authors on urodeles as well as anurans and amniotes that set the framework for larger scale comparisons between different tetrapod clades (e.g., Wiedersheim, 1879;Zwick, 1898;Howes and Swinnerton, 1900;Pée, 1904;Schmalhausen, 1907Schmalhausen, , 1910Schmalhausen, , 1917Steiner, 1921Steiner, , 1934Erdmann, 1933;Keller, 1946).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salamander limb development: Integrating genes, morphology, and fossils

Fröbisch

Shubin

2011

Developmental Dynamics

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The development of the tetrapod limb during skeletogenesis follows a highly conservative pattern characterized by a general proximo‐distal progression in the establishment of skeletal elements and a postaxial polarity in digit development. Salamanders represent the only exception to this pattern and display an early establishment of distal autopodial structures, specifically the basale commune, an amalgamation of distal carpal and tarsal 1 and 2, and a distinct preaxial polarity in digit development. This deviance from the conserved tetrapod pattern has resulted in a number of hypotheses to explain its developmental basis and evolutionary history. Here we summarize the current knowledge of salamander limb development under consideration of the fossil record to provide a deep time perspective of this evolutionary pathway and highlight what data will be needed in the future to gain a better understanding of salamander limb development specifically and tetrapod limb development and evolution more broadly. Developmental Dynamics 240:1087–1099, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Section: Developmental Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salamander limb development: Integrating genes, morphology, and fossils

Fröbisch

Shubin

2011

Developmental Dynamics

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“…The wide diversity seen in limb structure among living and fossil tetrapods is usually interpreted as adaptive variation imposed on a common ground plan inherited from a common ancestor. Nevertheless, differences both in the pattern of skeletal structures and the sequence of their differentiation have been interpreted to indicate that there may be a dichotomy in basic limb pattern and patterning mechanisms within the tetrapods, with anurans and amniotes on one side and urodeles on the other (Holmgren, 1933;Jarvik, 1980; see reviews by Shubin and Alberch, 1986;Hanken, 1986). This interpretation has been used to support the idea that urodele limb structure and development are unique among tetrapods (Holmgren, 1933;Jarvik, 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Compatible limb patterning mechanisms in urodeles and anurans

Sessions

Gardiner

Bryant

1989

Developmental Biology

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We have experimentally tested the similarity of limb pattern-forming mechanisms in urodeles and anurans. To determine whether the mechanisms of limb outgrowth are equivalent, we compared the results of two kinds of reciprocal limb bud grafts between Xenopus and axolotls: contralateral grafts to confront anterior and posterior positions of graft and host, and ipsilateral grafts to align equivalent circumferential positions. Axolotl limb buds grafted to Xenopus hosts are immunologically rejected at a relatively early stage. Prior to rejection, however, experimental (but not control) grafts form supernumerary digits. Xenopus limb buds grafted to axolotl hosts are not rejected within the time frame of thc experiment and therefore can be used to test the ability of frog cells to elicit responses from axolotl tissue that are similar to those that are elicited by axolotl tissue itself. When Xenopus buds were grafted to axolotl limb stumps so as to align circumferential positions, the majority of limbs did not form any supernumerary digits. However, in experimental grafts, where anterior and posterior of host and graft were misaligned, supernumerary digits formed at positional discontinuities. These results suggest that Xenopus/axolotl cell interactions result in responses that are similar to axolotl/axolotl cell interactions. Furthermore, axolotl and Xenopus cells can cooperate to build recognizable skeletal elements, despite large differences in cell size and growth rate between the two species. We infer from these results that urodeles and anurans share the same limb pattern-forming mechanisms, including compatible positional signals that allow appropriate localized cellular interactions between the two species. Our results suggest an approach for understanding homology of the tetrapod limb based on experimental cellular interactions. 9

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“…Romer and Byrne (1931) pointed out that in the pelvic fin of Ceratodus the preaxial margin is ventral and the postaxial margin is dorsal. Holmgren (1933), who studied embryological development of the pelvic and pectoral fins of Ceratodus, stated that the two fins rotate in different ways. These observations agree with my observations in the development of the pectoral and pelvic fins of this animal.…”

Section: Ventral Marginal Vein and Dorsal Marginal Veinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the developmental and comparative angiology in the appendages of the vertebrates is still obscure. The lungfish, which is a sarcopterigian, has welldeveloped fleshy-lobed fins ; it has been thought that its fins may be one of the ancestral types of tetrapod limbs (Holmgren 1933;Romer 1971). Thus, if the vascularization of the fin-lobe of this type should be cleared, some informations on limb problem should be offered.…”

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confidence: 99%

The development of the vasculature of the pelvic fin in the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri.

Saito

1988

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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SAITO,11. The Development of the Vasculature of the Pelvic Fin in the Australian Lung gfish, Neoceratodus forsteri. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1988, 156 (4), 359-373 -The development of the vasculature of the pelvic fin in the Aus tralian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, was studied by the dye-injection method. The primitive iliac artery of the primitive iliocecal artery which originates in the dorsal aorta drains into the posterior cardinal vein. As development proceeds, the primitive iliac artery penetrates the fin anlage, and finally becomes the pelvic fin artery. The chief venous channel in the fin anlage draining into the posterior cardinal vein is the pelvic fin vein. The arterio-venous condition in the pelvic fin anlage in this animal changes successively as follows : 1) one artery and one vein, 2) two arteries and one vein, 3) two arteries and two veins. The postaxial arterial element elongates to be located in the preaxial region, and the postaxial vein is located in the postaxial region from beginning to end. vasculariza tion ; pelvic fin ; lungfishThe vascularization of the vartebrate appendages has been studied in the shark

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On the Origin of the Tetrapod Limb

Cited by 174 publications

References 13 publications

Salamander limb development: Integrating genes, morphology, and fossils

Salamander limb development: Integrating genes, morphology, and fossils

Compatible limb patterning mechanisms in urodeles and anurans

The development of the vasculature of the pelvic fin in the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri.

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