On the Origin of Vanillylmandelic Acid and 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxy‐phenylglycol in the Rat Brain

Jp, Adèr; Muskiet, Frits A. J.; Jeuring, H. J.; Korf, Jakob

doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1978.tb10448.x

Cited by 28 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In a number of biochemical studies in the rat using lesion techniques both ipsi-and contralateral effects have been reported (Ad~r, Muskiet, Jeuring, and Korf, 1978;Arbuthnot% Christie, Crow, Eccleston, and Walter, 1973;Buda, Roussel, Renaud, and Pujol, 1975;Kobayashi, Palkovits, Kopin, and Jacobowitz, 1974;Korf, Roth, and Aghajanian, 1973;Korf, Aghajanian, and Rot~a, 1973;Walter and Eccleston, 1973;Worth, Collins, Kett, and Austin, 1976). Fourteen days after unilateral destruction of the rat LC we (Ad~r, Postema, and Korf, 1979) observed higher cortical and hippocampal levels of NE in the intact side, when compared to control values of sham-operated animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…(2) To obtain biochemical evidence for such projections by a correlation analysis of ipsi-and contralateral alterations of hippocampal and cortical NE and of forebrain 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), a major metabolite of NE, induced by unilateral electrical stimulation of the LC, as these levels are sensitive indices of release of NE (Korf, Roth, and Agha)anian, 1973;Ad~r, Muskiet, Jeuring, and Korf, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bilaterally diverging axon collaterals and contralateral projections from rat locus coeruleus neurons, demonstrated by fluorescent retrograde double labeling and norepinephrine metabolism

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Postema

et al. 1980

J. Neural Transmission

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Evans Blue (EB) and a mixture of 4'-6'-diamidino-2-phenylindol 2 HCl and primuline (DAPI-Pr), fluorescing at different wave-lengths were injected into the rat hippocampus, frontal cortex or lateral part of the thalamus. After unilateral injection either of the two substances was retrogradely transported not only to ipsilateral but also to contralateral locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. Moreover after simultaneous injections of EB and DAPI-Pr respectively into the opposite brain structures of individual animals double-labeled neurons were observed in the bilateral LC. Unilateral electrical stimulation of the LC induced significant decreases of norepinephrine and increases of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene-glycol in both the ipsi- and contralateral frontal cortex and whole forebrain, respectively. These ipsi- and contralateral alterations of the amine and its metabolite correlated highly significantly. These results indicate that several LC neurons have both contralateral and bilateral projections to the brain areas mentioned above.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilaterally diverging axon collaterals and contralateral projections from rat locus coeruleus neurons, demonstrated by fluorescent retrograde double labeling and norepinephrine metabolism

Room

Postema

et al. 1980

J. Neural Transmission

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“…Although electrical stimulation is also known to increase the synthesis of NA (Roth et al, 1974), this elevated amine synthesis is probably not sufficient to replenish the functional pool. Indeed, previous experiments have revealed that electrical stimulation of the locus ceruleus causes a depletion of cortical and hippocampal endogenous tissue levels of about 30% (Korf et al, 1973;Ader et al, 1978). An alternative explanation may be that at high frequencies of stimulation the large amounts of NA released into the synaptic cleft stimulate presynaptic inhibitory or,-autoreceptors leading to a feedback inhibition and thus to a limitation of the amine release.…”

Section: Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Endogenous Noradrenaline Release in the Rat Cerebral Cortex In Vivo by Transcortical Dialysis: Effects of Drugs Affecting Noradrenergic Transmission

L'Heureux¹,

Dennis²,

Curet³

et al. 1986

Journal of Neurochemistry

182

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The release of endogenous noradrenaline was measured in the cerebral cortex of the halothane‐anesthetized rat by using the technique of brain dialysis coupled to a radioenzymatic assay. A thin dialysis tube was inserted transversally in the cerebral cortex (transcortical dialysis) and perfused with Ringer medium (2 μl min−1). Under basal conditions, the cortical output of noradrenaline was stable over a period of at least 6 h and amounted to 8.7 pg/20 min (not corrected for recovery). Histological control of the perfused area revealed very little damage and normal morphology in the vicinity of the dialysis tube. Omission of calcium from the perfusion medium caused a marked drop in cortical noradrenaline output. Bilateral electrical stimulation (for 10 min) of the ascending noradrenergic pathways in the medial forebrain bundle caused a frequency‐dependent increase in cortical noradrenaline output over the range 5–20 Hz. Stimulation at a higher frequency (50 Hz) resulted in a levelling off of the increase in cortical noradrenaline release. Systemic administration of the dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase inhibitor bis‐(4‐methyl‐1‐homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl) disulfide (FLA 63) (25 mg/kg i.p.) markedly reduced, whereas injection of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline (75 mg/kg i.p.) resulted in a progressive increase in, cortical noradrenaline output. d‐Amphetamine (2 mg/kg i.p.) provoked a sharp increase in cortical noradrenaline release (+ 450% over basal values within 40 min). Desmethylimipramine (10 mg/kg i.p.) produced a twofold increase of cortical noradrenaline release. Finally, idazoxan (20 mg/kg i.p.) and clonidine (0.3 mg/kg i.p.), respectively, increased and decreased the release of noradrenaline from the cerebral cortex. It is concluded that the technique of transcortical dialysis is a suitable means to investigate the effect of centrally acting drugs on the release of endogenous noradrenaline in the cerebral cortex of the rat.

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“…Norepinephrine (NE) is metabolized by monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) to aldehyde intermediates which, in mammalian brain, are preferentially reduced rather than oxidized (Karoum et al, 1976;Ader et al, 1978). The product formed is 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) and, if 0-methylated in addition, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) (Rutledge and Jonason, 1967;Braestrup et al, 1974).…”

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confidence: 99%

Relative Importance of 3‐Methoxy‐4‐Hydroxyphenylglycol and 3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylglycol as Norepinephrine Metabolites in Rat, Monkey, and Humans

Elsworth

Roth

Redmond

1983

Journal of Neurochemistry

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A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay, which allowed simultaneous measurement of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), was used to show that the concentration of MHPG in primate CNS far exceeded that of DHPG and that both metabolites were mainly in the unconjugated form. In rat brain, DHPG concentration was generally higher than that of MHPG, and both existed predominantly as conjugates. Rat and primate plasma contained more MHPG than DHPG. In plasma of primates but not of rats, higher proportions of the metabolites were conjugated, compared to those in brain. Significant correlations existed between MHPG and DHPG in rat brain, monkey brain, human plasma, and both monkey CSF and plasma. In monkeys, a significant CSF-plasma correlation was found for MHPG, but not for DHPG. Acute administration of piperoxane raised rat brain MHPG and DHPG concentration; desipramine prevented this rise in DHPG, but not in MHPG. Desipramine alone decreased DHPG, but not MHPG, concentration. Piperoxane increased monkey brain MHPG, but not DHPG, concentration. These data suggest that DHPG is a valuable metabolite to measure when assessing norepinephrine metabolism in the rat. Under certain conditions, measurement of rat brain MHPG and DHPG may provide information concerning the site of norepinephrine metabolism. However, in primates the importance of monitoring DHPG, in addition to MHPG, is uncertain.

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On the Origin of Vanillylmandelic Acid and 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxy‐phenylglycol in the Rat Brain

Cited by 28 publications

References 20 publications

Bilaterally diverging axon collaterals and contralateral projections from rat locus coeruleus neurons, demonstrated by fluorescent retrograde double labeling and norepinephrine metabolism

Bilaterally diverging axon collaterals and contralateral projections from rat locus coeruleus neurons, demonstrated by fluorescent retrograde double labeling and norepinephrine metabolism

Measurement of Endogenous Noradrenaline Release in the Rat Cerebral Cortex In Vivo by Transcortical Dialysis: Effects of Drugs Affecting Noradrenergic Transmission

Relative Importance of 3‐Methoxy‐4‐Hydroxyphenylglycol and 3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylglycol as Norepinephrine Metabolites in Rat, Monkey, and Humans

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