On the Persistence of Stereotypes Concerning the Marine Ecology of Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)

Шунтов, В. П.; Темных, О. С.; Иванов, О. А.

doi:10.1134/s1063074017070045

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Although most researchers support the finding that density‐dependent competition among salmon for prey in the ocean can lead to reduced growth and survival and delayed maturation, as mentioned earlier, there are exceptions (Shuntov et al. ). Shuntov et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Numbers and Biomass of Natural‐ and Hatchery‐Origin Pink Salmon, Chum Salmon, and Sockeye Salmon in the North Pacific Ocean, 1925–2015

2018

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Numerical abundance and biomass values presented here for Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Chum Salmon O. keta, and Sockeye Salmon O. nerka in the North Pacific Ocean span 90 years , representing the most comprehensive compilation of these data to date. In contrast to less populous species of salmon, these species are more abundant now than ever, averaging 665 × 10 6 adult salmon each year (1.32 × 10 6 metric tons) during 1990-2015. When immature salmon are included, recent biomass estimates approach 5 × 10 6 metric tons. Following an initial peak during 1934-1943, abundances were low until the 1977 regime shift benefited each species. During 1990-2015, Pink Salmon dominated adult abundance (67% of total) and biomass (48%), followed by Chum Salmon (20%, 35%) and Sockeye Salmon (13%, 17%). Alaska produced approximately 39% of all Pink Salmon, 22% of Chum Salmon, and 69% of Sockeye Salmon, while Japan and Russia produced most of the remainder. Although production of natural-origin salmon is currently high due to generally favorable ocean conditions in northern regions, approximately 60% of Chum Salmon, 15% of Pink Salmon, and 4% of Sockeye Salmon during 1990-2015 were of hatchery origin. Alaska generated 68% and 95% of hatchery Pink Salmon and Sockeye Salmon, respectively, while Japan produced 75% of hatchery Chum Salmon. Salmon abundance in large areas of Alaska (Prince William Sound and Southeast Alaska), Russia (Sakhalin and Kuril islands), Japan, and South Korea are dominated by hatchery salmon. During 1990-2015, hatchery salmon represented approximately 40% of the total biomass of adult and immature salmon in the ocean. Density-dependent effects are apparent, and carrying capacity may have been reached in recent decades, but interaction effects between hatchery-and natural-origin salmon are difficult to quantify, in part because these fish are rarely separated in catch and escapement statistics. The following management changes are recommended: (1) mark or tag hatchery salmon so that they can be identified after release, (2) estimate hatchery-and natural-origin salmon in catches and escapement, and (3) maintain these statistics in publicly accessible databases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Shuntov et al. () presented an alternative perspective held by some Russian scientists. Those authors found that salmon consume a small portion of the prey in the western North Pacific Ocean, and they suggested that the role of salmon in the ecosystem is rather moderate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Numbers and Biomass of Natural‐ and Hatchery‐Origin Pink Salmon, Chum Salmon, and Sockeye Salmon in the North Pacific Ocean, 1925–2015

2018

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“…The average annual catch of Pacific salmon in coastal waters of the RFE (not including the offshore drift gillnet fishery) in 2010−2014 was over 400 000 t (range 324 600−504 600 t; Shuntov et al 2017). Salmon are harvested all along the coast from the Anadyr River in Chukotka to Peter the Great Gulf in the Primorie region, including the Kuril Islands.…”

Section: Coastal Salmon Set Net Fisherymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3). All 6 species of Pacific salmon inhabit RFE rivers and surrounding seas, but those of primary commercial value (96− 99% of total catch in 2010−2014) are pink Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, chum O. keta, and sockeye O. nerka (Radchenko 1998, Shuntov et al 2017. Salmon fish-eries are managed by regional governments, and the annual commercial catch varies greatly depending on the size of runs.…”

Section: Coastal Salmon Set Net Fisherymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salmon fish-eries are managed by regional governments, and the annual commercial catch varies greatly depending on the size of runs. During 2011−2015, the commercial catch at Sakhalin fluctuated between 75 000 and 220 000 t, and at Kamchatka between 132 000 and 261 000 t. The 2 regions accounted for 76−96% of the total coastal catch in the RFE (Nagornov et al 2016, Shpigalskaia et al 2017, Shuntov et al 2017.…”

Section: Coastal Salmon Set Net Fisherymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Entanglement risk to western gray whales from commercial fisheries in the Russian Far East

Lowry¹,

Burkanov²,

Altukhov³

et al. 2018

Endang. Species. Res.

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Western gray whales Eschrichtius robustus (WGWs) are endangered, and their range overlaps areas where several important commercial fisheries operate in the Russian Far East (RFE). Throughout their range, gray whales commonly become entangled or entrapped in fishing gear. In the western North Pacific, they have been killed in set nets and seen entangled with ropes and float lines. Signs of fishery interactions on 28 of 150 living whales photographed near Sakhalin Island were reported in a published study. We describe characteristics of RFE fisheries that might entangle WGWs, including fishing effort based on daily catch reports from 2010−2014. We make a preliminary qualitative assessment of entanglement risk, taking into account factors including (1) evidence that the gear type has entangled large whales, (2) fishing effort, and (3) geographic and temporal overlap between WGWs and fishing activity. Fishing for salmonids with pelagic gillnets is no longer allowed in the RFE, and as long as the prohibition is being followed such fishing poses no risk to WGWs. In contrast, the coastal salmon set net fishery poses a high entanglement risk off northeastern Sakhalin and Kamchatka where WGWs feed very close to shore, and that situation should be mitigated. Bottom-set gillnet, demersal longline, snurrevad (also called Danish seine), and trap and pot fisheries overlap substantially with WGW distribution, and bycatch in those fisheries should at least be monitored. More rigorous risk assessment would require additional information on WGW distribution and movements.

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The Hunger Games: Stable Isotopes Indicate Winter Inter‐Guild Competition for Resources by Marine Meso‐Predators in the Sub‐Arctic North Pacific

Troina,

Pakhomov,

Weitkamp

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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Interspecific competition can significantly impact marine ecosystems by affecting species distributions and abundances. Understanding how sympatric species utilize available food helps identify potential competition and its effects when resources are limited. Here, we applied a suite of analytical methods (diet analysis, stable isotopes, and biomass estimates) to identify potential competitive interactions among North Pacific pelagic predators. Samples were collected in the Gulf of Alaska during the winter of 2019. Environmental conditions and food web structure (prey consumption, species biomass, and isotopic niche overlap) varied across the region. Several squid and myctophid species occupied similar trophic positions and had high isotopic nice overlap with Pacific salmon. The intensity of these interactions differed between the northwest and southeast Gulf of Alaska. For example, there was a substantial isotopic niche overlap between sockeye salmon and the squid Onychyoteuthis borealijaponica in the southeast, while chum salmon exhibited considerable niche overlap with various species in both areas. Our results demonstrate that, as the biomass of non‐salmonid competitors may exceed that of Pacific salmon, these interactions must be considered when assessing salmon production on the high seas. Regional differences in trophic interactions demonstrate that the open ocean northeast Pacific is more dynamic than previously proposed, and knowledge of salmon rearing locations could improve production estimates. Further research on regional ocean properties and their effects on trophic ecology is needed to understand how salmon will respond to climate‐driven changes in ocean conditions. This study provides the first analysis of pelagic food webs in the North Pacific high seas during winter, highlighting significant intra‐guild competition among meso‐predators. The effects of this competition on production are difficult to assess using empirical approaches due to the inaccessibility of the region. We propose the application of the trophic interactions identified here to explore these effects using food web models.

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On the Persistence of Stereotypes Concerning the Marine Ecology of Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)

Cited by 15 publications

References 9 publications

Numbers and Biomass of Natural‐ and Hatchery‐Origin Pink Salmon, Chum Salmon, and Sockeye Salmon in the North Pacific Ocean, 1925–2015

Numbers and Biomass of Natural‐ and Hatchery‐Origin Pink Salmon, Chum Salmon, and Sockeye Salmon in the North Pacific Ocean, 1925–2015

Entanglement risk to western gray whales from commercial fisheries in the Russian Far East

The Hunger Games: Stable Isotopes Indicate Winter Inter‐Guild Competition for Resources by Marine Meso‐Predators in the Sub‐Arctic North Pacific

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