On the predictive validity of automatically activated approach/avoidance tendencies in abstaining alcohol-dependent patients

Spruyt, Adriaan; Houwer, Jan De; Tibboel, Helen; Verschuere, Bruno; Crombez, Geert; Verbanck, Paul; Hanak, Catherine; Brevers, Damien; Noël, Xavier

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.06.019

Cited by 78 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This finding is quite surprising because the self-reported level of alcohol avoidance has been found to correlate negatively with automatic approach tendencies (Barkby et al, 2012). However, recent findings report that alcohol-dependent patients inclined to avoid alcohol show higher relapse rates, suggesting that alcohol avoidance could hide approach drives (Spruyt et al, 2013). The second factor that could explain the absence of inhibition deficit towards alcohol-related cues in heavy drinkers is the low impulsivity level found in our participants.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 46%

Alcohol abuse and ERP components in Go/No-go tasks using alcohol-related stimuli: Impact of alcohol avoidance

Kreusch

Quertemont

Vilenne

et al. 2014

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oAlcohol addictive behaviors are associated with a combination of deficits in executive functions, such as a weak response inhibition, and potent automatic appetitive responses to alcohol-related cues. The aim of the present study was to investigate behavioral responses and event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with specific response inhibition for alcohol-related cues. Thirty participants (15 heavy drinkers and 15 light drinkers) took part in the study. Response inhibition was assessed by a classical letter Go/No-go task and by a modified alcohol Go/No-go task. Participants were also classified as high and low alcohol avoiders. Results showed that heavy drinkers made more false alarms in the letter Go/No-go task. In the alcohol Go/No-go task, an absence of N200 amplitude anteriorization was found in heavy drinkers as compared to light drinkers. Participants with a high level of alcohol avoidance exhibited more false alarms, and higher N200 amplitude for the No-go trials as compared to the Go trials for alcohol-related cues. Higher P300 amplitude was observed in low alcohol avoiders for No-go as compared to Go trials. Therefore, a context involving alcohol-related cues disturbed inhibition capacities of high alcohol avoiders. These results suggest that the level of alcohol avoidance must be taken into account in studies investigating alcohol-related cognitive biases.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 46%

Alcohol abuse and ERP components in Go/No-go tasks using alcohol-related stimuli: Impact of alcohol avoidance

Kreusch

Quertemont

Vilenne

et al. 2014

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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“…Substance-related stimuli have been shown to automatically (a) grab the user's attention (e.g., Field and Cox 2008), (b) activate approach/avoidance tendencies (e.g., Eberl et al 2013;Spruyt et al 2013;Wiers et al 2011), and (c) activate implicit attitudes from memory (e.g., Houben et al 2010c;Wiers et al 2002). Nevertheless, only a limited number of studies have documented the extent to which these automatic processes drive relapse in abstaining patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two-process models of addiction therefore predict that the impulsive system will exert primary control over behavior under conditions of reduced motivation and/or opportunity to engage in reflective processing (see also Fazio and Towles-Schwen 1999). Crucially, the capacity to engage in reflective processing is assumed to vary as a function stable differences between individuals (e.g., Farris et al 2010;Lindgren et al 2014;Thush et al 2008;Spruyt et al 2013; but see Pieters et al 2012) as well as temporary factors such as cognitive load, fatigue, and stress (Wiers et al 2010). Accordingly, two-process models of addiction can readily explain the observations that (a) it is difficult to abstain from substance abuse and (b) relapse rates in abstaining patients are typically very high.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…There are some reasons to suspect, however, that implicit attitudes toward smokingrelated cues might be quite negative in individuals who are committed to abstinence. In the context of alcohol addiction, for example, Spruyt et al (2013) demonstrated that abstaining alcohol-dependent patients are characterized by a strong automatic tendency to avoid alcohol-related cues. Likewise, Noel et al (2006) observed that abstaining alcohol-dependent patients can develop an attentional bias away from alcoholrelated stimuli.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Implicit attitudes towards smoking predict long-term relapse in abstinent smokers

et al. 2015

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Rationale It has previously been argued that implicit attitudes toward substance-related cues drive addictive behavior. Nevertheless, it remains an open question whether behavioral markers of implicit attitude activation can be used to predict long-term relapse. Objectives The main objective of this study was to examine the relationship between implicit attitudes toward smokingrelated cues and long-term relapse in abstaining smokers. Methods Implicit attitudes toward smoking-related cues were assessed by means of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the evaluative priming task (EPT). Both measures were completed by a group of smokers who volunteered to quit smoking (patient group) and a group of nonsmokers (control group). Participants in the patient group completed these measures twice: once prior to smoking cessation and once after smoking cessation. Relapse was assessed by means of short telephone survey, 6 months after completion of the second test session.Results EPT scores obtained prior to smoking cessation were related to long-term relapse and correlated with self-reported nicotine dependence as well as daily cigarette consumption. In contrast, none of the behavioral outcome measures were found to correlate with the IAT scores. Conclusions These findings corroborate the idea that implicit attitudes toward substance-related cues are critically involved in long-term relapse. A potential explanation for the divergent findings obtained with the IAT and EPT is provided.

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“…These tasks reveal that in heavy drinkers who are not seeking treatment, alcohol cues evoke automatic approach tendencies (Field et al, , 2011Wiers et al, 2009;Christiansen et al, 2012;Sharbanee et al, 2013a,b;, and in some studies the strength of these approach tendencies was associated with the strength of subjective craving . A different pattern is seen in alcohol-dependent patients: one study reported no reliable tendency to approach or avoidance (Barkby et al, 2012) whereas another study found an automatic avoidance tendency, the strength of which was predictive of subsequent relapse (Spruyt et al, 2013). One explanation for these findings is that the standard version of the SRC task yields an index of automatic approach that is relative to avoidance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Reward Processing in Motivational and Affective Disorders

Ryan¹,

Skandali²

2016

Frontiers Research Topics

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On the predictive validity of automatically activated approach/avoidance tendencies in abstaining alcohol-dependent patients

Abstract: Background. Prominent addiction models posit that automatically activated

Cited by 78 publications

References 48 publications

Alcohol abuse and ERP components in Go/No-go tasks using alcohol-related stimuli: Impact of alcohol avoidance

Alcohol abuse and ERP components in Go/No-go tasks using alcohol-related stimuli: Impact of alcohol avoidance

Implicit attitudes towards smoking predict long-term relapse in abstinent smokers

Reward Processing in Motivational and Affective Disorders

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