On the Presence of the Patella in Frogs

Abdala, Virginia; Vera, Miriam Corina; Ponssa, María Laura

doi:10.1002/ar.23629

Cited by 24 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 43 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…More recently, the presence of both proximal and distal fibrocartilaginous patellae (Fig. ) has been confirmed in at least eight species of anurans (Abdala et al, ). Biomechanically, a fibrocartilaginous patella would provide more compliance (Benjamin & Ralphs, ), due to being suited to soaking up the large forces exerted during anuran jumping (Abdala et al, ).…”

Section: Sesamoids In Tetrapodamentioning

confidence: 73%

“…) has been confirmed in at least eight species of anurans (Abdala et al, ). Biomechanically, a fibrocartilaginous patella would provide more compliance (Benjamin & Ralphs, ), due to being suited to soaking up the large forces exerted during anuran jumping (Abdala et al, ). Note that we consider that the term patella should be used for any skeletal element in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris, independent of its histological composition.…”

Section: Sesamoids In Tetrapodamentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Bizarro, ; Mottershead, ) and have intrigued researchers for centuries. Diverse functions have been attributed to sesamoids, such as tendon protection against friction (Le Minor, ) or compression, tension and rotation (Carlsöö, ; Nussbaum, ; Sarin et al, ; Otero & Hoyos, ; Regnault et al, , b ; Abdala, Vera & Ponssa, ; Zhang et al, ), increasing tendon leverage, or redirecting the pull of tendons (Alexander & Dimery, ; Vickaryous & Olson, ; Evans & De Lahunta, ; Regnault, Pitsillides & Hutchinson, ). The literature shows that all of these functions are accomplished by sesamoids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Sesamoids in tetrapods: the origin of new skeletal morphologies

et al. 2019

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Along with supernumerary bones, sesamoids, defined as any organized intratendinous/intraligamentous structure, including those composed of fibrocartilage, adjacent to an articulation or joint, have been frequently considered as enigmatic structures associated with the joints of the skeletal system of vertebrates. This review allows us to propose a dynamic model to account for part of skeletal phenotypic diversity: during evolution, sesamoids can become displaced, attaching to and detaching from the long bone epiphyses and diaphysis. Epiphyses, apophyses and detached sesamoids are able to transform into each other, contributing to the phenotypic variability of the tetrapod skeleton. This dynamic model is a new paradigm to delineate the contribution of sesamoids to skeletal diversity. Herein, we first present a historical approach to the study of sesamoids, discussing the genetic versus epigenetic theories of their genesis and growth. Second, we construct a dynamic model. Third, we present a summary of literature on sesamoids of the main groups of tetrapods, including veterinary and human clinical contributions, which are the best-studied aspects of sesamoids in recent decades. Finally, we discuss the identity of certain structures that have been labelled as sesamoids despite insufficient formal testing of homology. We also propose a new definition to help the identification of sesamoids in general. This review is particularly timely, given the recent increasing interest and research activity into the developmental biology and mechanics of sesamoids. With this updated and integrative discussion, we hope to pave the way to improve the understanding of sesamoid biology and evolution.

show abstract

Section: Sesamoids In Tetrapodamentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Sesamoids In Tetrapodamentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sesamoids in tetrapods: the origin of new skeletal morphologies

et al. 2019

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, mammals have independently lost their clavicles a minimum of four times, and digits in mammals have been independently lost dozens of times (Senter & Moch, 2015). The patella has been independently gained 4–6 times and lost twice in mammals (Samuels et al, 2017), gained multiple times in reptiles (Regnault et al, 2016), and has variable presence in amphibians (Abdala et al, 2017). Even in the face of these multiple independent transitions, clavicles, digits, and patella display the same trait in males and females across species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The baubellum is more developmentally and evolutionarily labile than the baculum

Lough-Stevens

Schultz

Dean

2017

Ecology and Evolution

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Understanding the evolutionary forces that influence sexual dimorphism is a fundamental goal in biology. Here, we focus on one particularly extreme example of sexual dimorphism. Many mammal species possess a bone in their penis called a baculum. The female equivalent of this bone is called the baubellum and occurs in the clitoris, which is developmentally homologous to the male penis. To understand the potential linkage between these two structures, we scored baculum/baubellum presence/absence across 163 species and analyzed their distribution in a phylogenetic framework. The majority of species (N = 134) shared the same state in males and females (both baculum and baubellum present or absent). However, the baubellum has experienced significantly more transitions, and more recent transitions, so that the remaining 29 species have a baculum but not a well‐developed baubellum. Even in species where both bones are present, the baubellum shows more ontogenetic variability and harbors more morphological variation than the baculum. Our study demonstrates that the baculum and baubellum are generally correlated across mammals, but that the baubellum is more evolutionarily and developmentally labile than the baculum. The accumulation of more evolutionary transitions, especially losses in the baubellum, as well as noisier developmental patterns, suggests that the baubellum may be nonfunctional, and lost over time.

show abstract

“…The heel and knee joints are responsible for hindlimb extension and propulsion of the body (Přikryl et al ., ). As both joints are greatly affected by mechanical stress, the presence of sesamoids within the knee and ankle tendinous structures (Ponssa, Goldberg & Abdala, ; Abdala, Vera & Ponssa, ) further reinforces the functional similarity between these joints. Taken together, these data point to a ‘kneelization’ of the ankle or, inversely, an ‘anklezation’ of the knee, which allows us to hypothesize a correlated shape variation between the tendinous elements of both joints.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Evolution of tendon shape in an anuran clade and its relation to size, phylogeny and locomotion

2018

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Most anatomical specializations related to anuran jumping have been observed in pelvic girdle and hindlimbs, which are characterized by its fused caudal vertebrae and elongated hindlimbs. Still, despite of a greatly specialized body plan, locomotor variation in anurans goes beyond jumping, including specializations for swimming, burrowing, and climbing. Herein, we test for morphological adaptation in three tendinous elements associated with the urostyle and hindlimb joints: the tendon of the longissimus dorsi which inserts on the urostyle and rotates it dorsally; the patellar tendon which goes over the knee joint and connects the larger thigh extensor muscles; and the Achilles tendon which passes over the ankle joint and participates in the catapult‐like mechanism of jumping species. We make an incursion in tendon variation using geometric morphometrics and test if tendon shape is related to size, phylogeny and locomotion in leptodactylid species. Also, we hypothesize that tarsal bone elongation in anura alters the heel into a more ‘knee‐like’ joint affecting tendon shape, and test for patellar and Achilles similarity. We found that a combination of factors drives Leptodactylidae tendon morphological diversity. Allometry, phylogeny and function take part in the longissimus dorsi tendon variation, with significant difference between hopping and all jumping species. The patellar tendon shape scales isometrically with size, with significant shape difference between jumping and jumping‐swimming species. Achilles tendon shape is mainly affected by allometry. Optimization showed a shift for a broader longissimus dorsi tendon shape in the ancestor of Leptodactylus. Finally, and contrary to our prediction, patellar and Achilles tendon shapes are significantly different. Once again, evidence points to a combination of factors explaining shape, rather than a direct and evident functional‐anatomic relation.

show abstract

On the Presence of the Patella in Frogs

Cited by 24 publications

References 43 publications

Sesamoids in tetrapods: the origin of new skeletal morphologies

Sesamoids in tetrapods: the origin of new skeletal morphologies

The baubellum is more developmentally and evolutionarily labile than the baculum

Evolution of tendon shape in an anuran clade and its relation to size, phylogeny and locomotion

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About