The water dispersibility, chemical
stability, and bioaccessibility
of curcumin, a labile hydrophobic nutraceutical, can be enhanced by
incorporating it inside the oil droplets of oil-in-water emulsions
or nanoemulsions. In these multiphase systems, the curcumin remains
relatively stable to degradation when surrounded by oil but degrades
rapidly when surrounded by water. We hypothesized that the size of
the lipid droplets would therefore impact the stability of encapsulated
curcumin by altering the surface area of oil exposed to water. The
effect of droplet surface area on the kinetics of curcumin degradation
was therefore studied by producing emulsions with different mean droplet
diameters (d
32) and therefore different
specific surface areas (A
S): large (d
32 = 20.9 μm; A
S = 300 m2 kg–1); medium (d
32 = 2.53 μm; A
S = 2500
m2 kg–1); small (d
32 = 0.26 μm; A
S = 24,000
m2 kg–1); and very small (d
32 = 0.083 μm; A
S =
80,000 m2 kg–1) emulsions. All the emulsions
initially had milky-yellow appearances and were relatively stable
to aggregation during the course of the experiments. However, rapid
creaming was observed in the large and medium emulsions because of
their relatively large droplet size. The emulsions all exhibited some
color fading during storage, with the rate of curcumin degradation
increasing with decreasing droplet size. For instance, the percentage
of curcumin remaining in the emulsions after 17 days storage was 91.4
± 1.5 > 77.3 ± 6.6 > 66.7 ± 1.9 ≫ 30.6
±
2.8% for the large, medium, small, and very small emulsions, respectively.
The more rapid chemical degradation of the curcumin in the smaller
droplets can be attributed to the fact that curcumin exchange between
the interior and exterior of the droplets occurs more rapidly as the
droplet dimensions decrease. Our results indicate that the droplet
size plays a critical role in the degradation of curcumin encapsulated
in emulsions, which may have important consequences for the formulation
of curcumin-enriched foods and beverages with enhanced bioactivity.
In particular, it suggests that emulsions are more effective at chemically
stabilizing curcumin than nanoemulsions.