On the reciprocal relationship between gender and occupation: Rethinking the assumptions concerning masculine career development

The Role of Househusband and Housewife as Perceived by a College Population

“…Factor 1 (Negative Perceptions of Househusbands) received the lowest mean scores from both men and women, whereas Factor 3 (Negative Perceptions of Housewives) received scores much higher, indicating greater agreement with this traditional role. This finding supports (a) our hypothesis that people view the two roles distinctly and (b) the research that has shown negative consequences of cross-gender behavior (Costrich et al, 1975;Fitzgerald & Cherpas, 1985;Martin, 1990;Robertson & Fitzgerald, 1990). We believe women are perceived as having greater flexibility in career choice and are able to venture into nontraditional career directions with less difficulty than men are.…”

“…A more recent study by Fitzgerald and Cherpas (1985) demonstrated the continuing strength of gender stereotypes. They enlisted practicing or in-training vocational counselors in their examination of gender role reversals.…”

Perceptions of sex‐role stereotypes, self‐concept, and nursing role ideal in Chinese nursing students

“…Socialization plays an active role in channelling women into the nurturing, service‐orientated occupations which are functional extensions of their biological sex role (Fitzgerald & Betz 1983). Fitzgerald and Cherpas (1985) found a relationship between gender and occupation. They argued that the socialization process operated to `discourage males from developing the interests and behaviours which would support their choice of what were currently considered the feminine occupations', and thus could be conceptualized `as a barrier to men's career development, in the sense that individual differences were subordinated to the primacy of sex‐role congruence' (p. 110).…”

Ninth‐Grade Students' Attitudes Toward Nontraditional Occupations

“…Guidance counselors with conscious or unconscious occupational sex-role stereotypes may also have an influence on students' occupational aspirations and choices. Fitzgerald and Cherpas (1985) studied the responses of graduate students in counselor education to simulations for men and women discussing the occupations of physician and nurse. All counseling clients in the simulations possessed equal and appropriate background data to support either occupational choice.…”