An energy-based fatigue lifing method for the determination of the full-life and criticallife of in-service structures subjected to axial isothermal-mechanical fatigue (IME) has been developed. The foundation of this procedure is the energy-based axial roomtemperature lifing model, which states: the total strain energy dissipated during both a quasi-static process and a dynamic (fatigue) process is the same material property. The axial IME lifing framework is composed of the following entities: (1) the development of an axial IME testing capability; (2) the creation of a testing procedure capable of assessing the strain energy dissipated during both a quasi-static process and a dynamic process at elevated temperatures; and (3) the incorporation of the effect of thermal loading into the axial fatigue lifing model. Both an axial IME capability and a detailed testing procedure were created. The axial IME capability was employed to produce full-life and critical-life predictions as functions of temperature, which were shown to have an excellent correlation with experimental fatigue data. Eor the highest operating temperature, the axial IME full-life prediction was compared to lifing predictions made by both the universal slopes and the uniform material law prediction and was found to be more accurate at an elevated temperature.