On the regulation of depth and rate of breathing

Clark, F. J.; Euler, Curt von

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1972.sp009797

Cited by 656 publications

(323 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This theory, drawing on the work of many earlier investigators but largely unified by the work of Clark and von Euler (1972), suggested that volume-sensitive stretch receptor activity terminated the duration of inspiration (tj) by activating an 'off switch' mechanism which brings inspiratory activity to an end. Pulmonary stretch receptors (p.s.r.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Role of Pulmonary Rapidly Adapting Receptors in Control of Breathing

Davies

Roumy

1986

Aust J Exp Biol Med

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Summary.We analysed the breathing pattern of anaesthetised rabbits during unloaded breathing when breathing was accelerated by inspired COj and when they breathed against positive or negative pressures before and during block of pulmonary stretch receptors by SO2, and after bilateral vagotomy. Before block moderate steps of inflation or deflation (0-5 kPa) produced relatively larger changes in duration of expiration than in duration of inspiration, indicating the relative sensitivities of the two phases. With stretch receptors, blocked inflation or deflation shortened expiration, demonstrating the influence of rapidly adapting receptors on that phase of breathing. If pulmonary stretch receptors were the major determinants of the duration of inspiration, we would have expected inspiratory duration in the stretch receptor blocked and vagotomised states to be almost identical. They were not, inspiratory duration being less in the blocked than in the vagotomised state. Possibly vagal afferent activity other than that of stretch receptors shortens inspiratory duration. However, we have found that rapidly adapting receptor activity (and any unmyelinated fibre activity provoked by rapid inflation or deflation of the lungs) never directly shortened inspiration. We therefore propose a mechanism whereby rapidly adapting receptors may indirectly affect duration of Inspiration.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Role of Pulmonary Rapidly Adapting Receptors in Control of Breathing

Davies

Roumy

1986

Aust J Exp Biol Med

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“…3 The first component is an activity generator resulting in inspiratory flow and the other is a timer (or inspiratory "on-off' switch) which determines the relative duration of inspiration and expiration (Ti and T~) and frequency. This information can be obtained by the simple expedient, proposed by Milic-Emili, 2 of measuring tidal volume (VT) and the duration of the phases of breathing.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventilation following induction of general anaesthesia by thiopentone

Germain

Wahba

Gillies

1982

Canad. Anaesth. Soc. J.

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We measured occlusion pressure, tidal volume, frequency, and the duration of the ventilatory phases in twenty-eight patients before and immediately after induction of anaesthesia by thiopentone. From these measurements we derived mean inspiratory flow rate and "effective" impedance to flow. Occlusion pressure was generally, but not universally, less after induction. Mean inspiratory flow rate was reduced due to a combination of smaller tidal volume and shorter duration of inspiration. This was noted in all twenty-eight patients, as was a clearcut increase in "effective" impedance to flow. These results suggest an important mechanical component to the reduced ventilation noted following induction of general anaesthesia. GAUTIER AND GAUDY reported that mean inspiratory flow rate (VI) was markedly decreased following an induction dose of thiopentone. 1 They did not measure occlusion pressure, which is believed to be an index of central neuromuscular drive and the relationship of which to ~'1 is a useful, non-invasive means of examining pulmonary mechanics. 2 The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of thiopentone on V1 and P~ to more clearly define the mechanism of reduced tidal breathing following the injection of thiopentone. METHODS Theoretical BackgroundClarke and yon Euler proposed that the output of the "respiratory centre" can be looked upon as consisting functionally of two components. 3 The first component is an activity generator resulting in inspiratory flow and the other is a timer (or inspiratory "on-off' switch) which determines This form of the equation allows examination of the effect on tidal volume of a reduction in mean inspiratory flow rate with a constant T i and that of a shorter T i with an unchanged flow rate. In both instances VT will be reduced but the 100

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“…This load compensation response has been reported in anesthetized animals using external resistive loads to breathing and is characterized by the recruitment of respiratory muscle activity, an increase in breath duration, and a decrease in tidal volume (6,8,(13)(14)(15)(16)57). Depending on the timing within the breath phase of the added resistive load (end-inspiratory vs. endexpiratory), inspiratory or expiratory duration is increased.…”

Section: Itto Load Compensationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus it is of critical importance to maintain ventilation in the face of a variety of stimuli by adjusting the breathing pattern. Clark and von Euler (13) described the relationship between lung volume and breath timing in anesthetized cats. They demonstrated that inspiratory time (TI) depends on inspiratory volume and that the subsequent expiratory time (TE) depends on the preceding TI.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracheal occlusion modulates the gene expression profile of the medial thalamus in anesthetized rats

Bernhardt¹,

García-Reyero

Vovk³

et al. 2011

Journal of Applied Physiology

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scious awareness of breathing requires the activation of higher brain centers and is believed to be a neural gated process. The thalamus could be responsible for the gating of respiratory sensory information to the cortex. It was reasoned that if the thalamus is the neural gate, then tracheal obstructions will modulate the gene expression profile of the thalamus. Anesthetized rats were instrumented with an inflatable cuff sutured around the trachea. The cuff was inflated to obstruct 2-4 breaths, then deflated for a minimum of 15 breaths. Obstructions were repeated for 10 min followed by immediate dissection of the medial thalamus. Following the occlusion protocol, 588 genes were found to be altered (P Ͻ 0.05; log2 fold change Ն 0.4), with 327 genes downregulated and 261 genes upregulated. A significant upregulation of the serotonin HTR2A receptor and significant downregulation of the dopamine DRD1 receptor genes were found. A pathway analysis was performed that targeted serotonin and dopamine receptor pathways. The mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) gene was significantly downregulated. MAPK1 is an inhibitory regulator of HTR2A and facilitatory regulator for DRD1. Downregulation of MAPK1 may be related to the significant upregulation of HTR2A and downregulation of DRD1, suggesting an interaction in the medial thalamus serotonin-dopamine pathway elicited by airway obstruction. These results demonstrate an immediate change in gene expression in thalamic arousal, fear, anxiety motivation-related serotonin and dopamine receptors in response to airway obstruction. The results support the hypothesis that the thalamus is a component in the respiratory mechanosensory neural pathway. respiratory loading; microarray; stress; serotonin; dopamine THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM is continually active, and any prolonged interruption is a threat to an animal's survival. Thus it is of critical importance to maintain ventilation in the face of a variety of stimuli by adjusting the breathing pattern. Clark and von Euler (13) described the relationship between lung volume and breath timing in anesthetized cats. They demonstrated that inspiratory time (TI) depends on inspiratory volume and that the subsequent expiratory time (TE) depends on the preceding TI. A similar volume-timing relationship was found when a mechanical stimulus in the form of an external resistive load was applied. Loading of the inspiratory (57) or expiratory (33) phase caused a decrease in volume and an increase in the duration of the respective loaded breath phase. The response to the added loads was called the respiratory load compensation reflex. Load compensation is a sensory motor response.A sufficiently high load on the respiratory system results in the sensation of dyspnea, or breathlessness, which is one of the primary symptoms in pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases (40, 44). It is one of the main symptoms that limits patients with obstructive pulmonary diseases, and it can also be considered one of the most important factors in determining the severi...

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On the regulation of depth and rate of breathing

Cited by 656 publications

References 26 publications

A Role of Pulmonary Rapidly Adapting Receptors in Control of Breathing

A Role of Pulmonary Rapidly Adapting Receptors in Control of Breathing

Ventilation following induction of general anaesthesia by thiopentone

Tracheal occlusion modulates the gene expression profile of the medial thalamus in anesthetized rats

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