We give a self-contained introduction to the physics of ultracold atoms using
functional integral techniques. Based on a consideration of the relevant length
scales, we derive the universal effective low energy Hamiltonian describing
ultracold alkali atoms. We then introduce the concept of the effective action,
which generalizes the classical action principle to full quantum status and
provides an intuitive and versatile tool for practical calculations. This
framework is applied to weakly interacting degenerate bosons and fermions in
the spatial continuum. In particular, we discuss the related BEC and BCS
quantum condensation mechanisms. We then turn to the BCS-BEC crossover, which
interpolates between both phenomena, and which is realized experimentally in
the vicinity of a Feshbach resonance. For its description, we introduce the
Functional Renormalization Group approach. After a general discussion of the
method in the cold atoms context, we present a detailed and pedagogical
application to the crossover problem. This not only provides the physical
mechanism underlying this phenomenon. More generally, it also reveals how the
renormalization group can be used as a tool to capture physics at all scales,
from few-body scattering on microscopic scales, through the finite temperature
phase diagram governed by many-body length scales, up to critical phenomena
dictating long distance physics at the phase transition. The presentation aims
to equip students at the beginning PhD level with knowledge on key physical
phenomena and flexible tools for their description, and should enable to embark
upon practical calculations in this field.Comment: 73 pages, 32 figures. Lecture notes for the 49th Schladming Winter
School `Physics at all scales: The Renormalization Group' (to appear in the
proceedings