On the role of the central nervous system in regulating the mineralisation of inner-ear otoliths of fish

Anken, Ralf

doi:10.1007/s00709-006-0219-6

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This physiological mechanism is sustained for the duration of high-CO 2 exposure (32), therefore it can be assumed that effects on otoliths will persist with age. Additionally, ocean acidification is known to alter neurological function in fishes (11) and there is evidence for neurological control of otolith mineralization (33). Therefore, CO 2 -induced neurological disruption may indirectly contribute to increased otolith size and density, either by changing the chemical composition of endolymph fluid or by altering neurologically controlled expression of genes that influence the crystalline or lattice structure of otoliths (33).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, ocean acidification is known to alter neurological function in fishes (11) and there is evidence for neurological control of otolith mineralization (33). Therefore, CO 2 -induced neurological disruption may indirectly contribute to increased otolith size and density, either by changing the chemical composition of endolymph fluid or by altering neurologically controlled expression of genes that influence the crystalline or lattice structure of otoliths (33). The results of either mechanism of change have important implications for the function of otoliths as sense organs, but there are also implications for their use as tools for fisheries biology research and conservation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ocean acidification alters the otoliths of a pantropical fish species with implications for sensory function

Bignami¹,

Enochs

Manzello

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

125

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Ocean acidification affects a wide diversity of marine organisms and is of particular concern for vulnerable larval stages critical to population replenishment and connectivity. Whereas it is well known that ocean acidification will negatively affect a range of calcareous taxa, the study of fishes is more limited in both depth of understanding and diversity of study species. We used new 3D microcomputed tomography to conduct in situ analysis of the impact of ocean acidification on otolith (ear stone) size and density of larval cobia (Rachycentron canadum), a large, economically important, pantropical fish species that shares many life history traits with a diversity of high-value, tropical pelagic fishes. We show that 2,100 μatm partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2 ) significantly increased not only otolith size (up to 49% greater volume and 58% greater relative mass) but also otolith density (6% higher). Estimated relative mass in 800 μatm pCO 2 treatments was 14% greater, and there was a similar but nonsignificant trend for otolith size. Using a modeling approach, we demonstrate that these changes could affect auditory sensitivity including a ∼50% increase in hearing range at 2,100 μatm pCO 2 , which may alter the perception of auditory information by larval cobia in a high-CO 2 ocean. Our results indicate that ocean acidification has a graded effect on cobia otoliths, with the potential to substantially influence the dispersal, survival, and recruitment of a pelagic fish species. These results have important implications for population maintenance/replenishment, connectivity, and conservation efforts for other valuable fish stocks that are already being deleteriously impacted by overfishing. P resent day atmospheric CO 2 concentration is higher than at any point in the past 800,000 y (1), driving unprecedented anthropogenic ocean acidification in pelagic (2) and coastal environments (3). Future climate scenarios project further decline in ocean pH (4-6) at a rate of change faster than any experienced in the last 300 million years (7). Although ocean acidification is known to influence a diversity of marine organisms (8), it is a particular concern for vulnerable larval stages critical to population replenishment and connectivity (9). Recently, the impact of ocean acidification on the larval stages of invertebrate and vertebrate marine species has attracted increased attention; however, experiments on larval fishes raised under projected ocean acidification scenarios have produced mixed results (10, 11). The days-to month-long pelagic larval period is an ecologically vital ontogenetic phase in marine fishes because it constitutes the primary mode of dispersal in many species (9) and represents the life stage most susceptible to mortality (12). During this phase, the sensory abilities of larval fishes are important determinants of survival (13) and ultimately influence the persistence of viable populations. Therefore, the study of ocean acidification impacts on sensory function in fishes is of critical imp...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocean acidification alters the otoliths of a pantropical fish species with implications for sensory function

Bignami¹,

Enochs

Manzello

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

125

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show abstract

“…47 The genes in this study were up-or downregulated depending on the atg5 level, so we think these genes exerting their action partly as ATG5 effectors. For example, otic capsule deformity, including otolith number, size and the semicircular canal, is perhaps mediated directly by pink1 up-or downregulation, 48 and the immature brain probably resulted from the combined inhibition of these genes, which can be downregulated by the atg5 overexpression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression pattern and functions of autophagy-related geneatg5in zebrafish organogenesis

Zhang²,

Zhang³

2011

Autophagy

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The implications of autophagy-related genes in serious neural degenerative diseases have been well documented. However, the functions and regulation of the family genes in embryonic development remain to be rigorously studied. Here, we report on for the first time the important role of atg5 gene in zebrafish neurogenesis and organogenesis as evidenced by the spatiotemporal expression pattern and functional analysis. Using morpholino oligo knockdown and mRNA overexpression, we demonstrated that zebrafish atg5 is required for normal morphogenesis of brain regionalization and body plan as well as for expression regulation of neural gene markers: gli1, huC, nkx2.2, pink1, β-synuclein, xb51 and zic1. We further demonstrated that ATG5 protein is involved in autophagy by LC3-II/LC3I ratio and rapamycin-induction experiments, and that ATG5 is capable of regulating expression of itself gene in the manner of a feedback inhibition loop. In addition, we found that expression of another autophagy-related gene, atg12, is maintained at a higher constant level like a housekeeping gene. This indicates that the formation of the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate may be dependent on ATG5 protein generation and its splicing, rather than on ATG12 protein in zebrafish. Importantly, in the present study, we provide a mechanistic insight into the regulation and functional roles of atg5 in development of zebrafish nervous system.

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“…It has earlier been stated (Anken 2006) that the brain obviously plays a prominent role in regulating the mineralisation of fish inner ear stones. Certainly this is the case, at least in late-stage animals, since transecting the vestibular nerve in neonate Swordtails results in a cessation of otolith mineralisation .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animals must, however, have passed a critical period of development, which has already been addressed earlier (e.g., Wiederhold et al 2003a). So far, it remains to be clarified when the aforementioned feedback mechanism is being activated and to which extent (and at which developmental stage) it is ruled via the nervous system (Anken 2006) or acting locally (Kondrachuk and Boyle 2006). Our results also lead to the conclusion that this feedback is active only in earlier phases of Zebrafish development (i.e., after 3 and 6 days of exposure to WVR), since there were no effects of WVR seen after 9 and 12 days.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Wall Vessel Rotation on the Growth of Larval Zebrafish Inner Ear Otoliths

Anken

Wang

et al. 2010

Microgravity Sci. Technol.

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Stimulus dependence is a general feature of developing sensory systems. It has been shown earlier that the growth of otoliths of late-stage Cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) and Zebrafish (Danio rerio) was slowed down by hypergravity, whereas microgravity during spaceflight yielded an opposite effect, i.e., larger than 1 g otoliths, in Swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) late-stage embryos. Using ground-based techniques to apply simulated weightlessness, long-term clinorotation (exposure on a fast-rotating clinostat with one axis of rotation for 7 days) led to larger than 1 g otoliths in late-stage Cichlid fish, which is fully in line with the results obtained on Swordtails from spaceflight. Hitherto, early-staged fish have not yet been subjected to (simulated or real) long-term (i.e., more than 3 or 4 days) weightlessness to investigate otolith growth. The present study was carried out in order to fill this gap. Therefore, we subjected Zebrafish at a somite-stage to Wall Vessel Rotation (WVR; a method regarded to provide simulated weightlessness), when the anlage of the inner ear already is present (10 h

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On the role of the central nervous system in regulating the mineralisation of inner-ear otoliths of fish

Cited by 26 publications

References 32 publications

Ocean acidification alters the otoliths of a pantropical fish species with implications for sensory function

Ocean acidification alters the otoliths of a pantropical fish species with implications for sensory function

Expression pattern and functions of autophagy-related geneatg5in zebrafish organogenesis

Effects of Wall Vessel Rotation on the Growth of Larval Zebrafish Inner Ear Otoliths

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