On the role of verbalization during task set selection: Switching or serial order control?

Bryck, Richard L.; Mayr, Ulrich

doi:10.3758/bf03195328

Cited by 67 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Such constraint is also evident in the experiment on the task span reported by Logan (2004b) which revealed that the task span (the number of tasks that could be remembered and correctly executed) was essentially not different from the memory span (the number of tasks that could be remembered). This proposal is also consistent with the findings reported by Bryck and Mayr (2005) which suggest that verbalization of sequential information in task switching is critical for maintenance of sequential courses of actions or sequential plans. These and other studies (Baddeley, Chincotta, & Adlam, 2001;Emerson & Miyake, 2003;Miyake, Emerson, Padilla, & Ahn, 2004;Saeki & Saito, 2009) strongly indicate that working memory forms a basis for task switching without implying that shortage of working memory capacity would completely disrupt task-switching performance.…”

Section: Modeling Assumptionssupporting

confidence: 91%

A chain-retrieval model for voluntary task switching

Vandierendonck

Demanet

Liefooghe

et al. 2012

Cognitive Psychology

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To account for the findings obtained in voluntary task switching, this article describes and tests the chain-retrieval model. This model postulates that voluntary task selection involves retrieval of task information from long-term memory, which is then used to guide task selection and task execution. The model assumes that the retrieved information consists of acquired sequences (or chains) of tasks, that selection may be biased towards chains containing more task repetitions and that bottom-up triggered repetitions may overrule the intended task. To test this model, four experiments are reported. In Studies 1 and 2, sequences of task choices and the corresponding transition sequences (task repetitions or switches) were analyzed with the help of dependency statistics. The free parameters of the chain-retrieval model were estimated on the observed task sequences and these estimates were used to predict autocorrelations of tasks and transitions. In Studies 3 and 4, sequences of hand choices and their transitions were analyzed similarly. In all studies, the chain-retrieval model yielded better fits and predictions than statistical models of event choice. In applications to voluntary task switching (Studies 1 and 2), all three parameters of the model were needed to account for the data. When no task switching was required (Studies 3 and 4), the chain-retrieval could account for the data with one or two parameters clamped to a neutral value. Implications for our understanding of voluntary task selection and broader theoretical implications are discussed.

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Section: Modeling Assumptionssupporting

confidence: 91%

A chain-retrieval model for voluntary task switching

Vandierendonck

Demanet

Liefooghe

et al. 2012

Cognitive Psychology

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“…However, articulatory suppression had equivalent effects on switch trials and nonswitch trials and had no effect on the switching cost. Bryck and Mayr (2005) also examined the effects of articulatory suppression, using an alternating-runs paradigm, and demonstrated results similar to those described above. They suggested that a critical function of verbalization is the endogenous sequencing of tasks on the basis of the sequential characteristics of language.…”

mentioning

confidence: 73%

“…A large body of literature exists on the task-switching paradigm. However, in this study, we focused on a specific issue suggested by previous studies-namely, that verbal representations are useful mediators for efficient task-switching performance, especially in predictable and sequential task switching (Baddeley, Chincotta, & Adlam, 2001;Bryck & Mayr, 2005;Emerson & Miyake, 2003;Saeki & Saito, 2004a, 2004bSaeki, Saito, & Kawaguchi, 2006).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note that this task selection process must include or be supported by task order control, at least in predictable/ sequential task-switching paradigms such as the alternating-runs paradigm (Bryck & Mayr, 2005), because it requires reference to task order information. In other words, the task selection process in predictable and sequential task switching might entail a process of sequential task decision based on task order information.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Verbal representation in task order control: An examination with transition and task cues in random task switching

Saeki

Saito

2009

Memory & Cognition

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Recent task-switching studies in which a predictable task sequence has been used have indicated that verbal representation contributes to the control of task order information. The present study focused on the role of verbal representation in sequential task decisions, which are an important part of task order control, and examined the effects of articulatory suppression in a random-task-cuing paradigm with two different types of cues presented just before the presentation of a stimulus: a transition cue and a task cue. The former cue provided information only about switching or repeating the task, whereas the latter was associated directly with the identity of the task (i.e., indicating a parity or a magnitude task). In Experiment 1, in which transition cues guided task sequences, articulatory suppression impaired performance in both repetition and switch trials, thereby increasing the mixing costs. In Experiment 2, in which a task cue, rather than a transition cue, was presented to examine the influence of a cue-decoding process, articulatory suppression had no specific effect on task performance. Experiment 3, in which the transition cue and the task cue were randomly presented in the same block to equalize the memory load and task strategy for the two types of cues, confirmed that articulatory suppression significantly increased the mixing costs only in transition cue trials. The results from the three experiments indicated that the use of verbal representation is effective in sequential task decision-that is, in selecting a task set on the basis of transient task order information in both repetition and switch trials.

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“…Local costs compare no-switch and switch trials (in which the relevant task differs from that of the previous trial) within mixed blocks only. Mixing and local costs have been shown to be sensitive to different variables (e.g., Bryck & Mayr, 2005;Mayr, 20019). Rubin and Meiran (2005) argued that mixing costs primarily reflect goal setting (which they also termed "task decision") because goal setting, but not switching, is present in no-switch trials, and neither goal-setting demand nor switching demand is present in simple blocks.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Setting goals to switch between tasks: Effect of cue transparency on children’s cognitive flexibility.

Chevalier¹,

Blaye²

2009

Developmental Psychology

118

142

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Three experiments examined the difficulty of translating cues into verbal representations of task goals by varying the degree of cue transparency (auditory transparent cues, visual transparent cues, visual arbitrary cues) in the Advanced Dimensional Change Card Sort, which requires switching between color-and shape-sorting rules on the basis of cues. Experiment 1 showed that 5-and 6-year-old children's performance improved as a function of cue transparency. Experiment 2 yielded the same pattern of results and showed that cue transparency effects cannot be accounted for by cue format only. Finally, Experiment 3 examined the effect of cue transparency in 7-and 9-year-olds and adults. The effect decreased over age for accuracy performance but not for latencies, suggesting that under some conditions, the difficulty of cue translation can still be observed in individuals whose inner speech is efficient. Overall, these findings showed that goal setting substantially contributes to children's flexible behaviors and continues to influence adults' performance.

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On the role of verbalization during task set selection: Switching or serial order control?

Cited by 67 publications

References 29 publications

A chain-retrieval model for voluntary task switching

A chain-retrieval model for voluntary task switching

Verbal representation in task order control: An examination with transition and task cues in random task switching

Setting goals to switch between tasks: Effect of cue transparency on children’s cognitive flexibility.

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