On the scale of photospheric convection in red giants and supergiants

Schwarzschild, M.

doi:10.1086/153313

Cited by 326 publications

(241 citation statements)

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“…-3) For late-type supergiants, there is a strong increase of the amplitudes which occurs at a progressively earlier Sp with increasing brightness: at G-type for la, at M for class II. We note that this behaviour is just similar to that of the limit of deep convection in the external layers of massive stars (see also Schwarzschild, 1975). A few extreme galactic supergiants (e.g.…”

supporting

confidence: 75%

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Supergiant Pulsations

Maeder¹

1980

Highlights astron.

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supporting

confidence: 75%

“…list in Humphreys, 1979) frequently exhibit important changes in all their spectral parameters (e.g. light, colour, Doppler shift, Sp, line strength, line profile, Ha emission, etc): for example HR 8752 which has varied from GOIa to K2Ia between 1950 and1977 and is now back to GOIa (cf. Lambert and Luck, 1978).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Supergiant Pulsations

Maeder¹

1980

Highlights astron.

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“…Temperature differences could indeed result from the formation of giant convective cells (Schwarzschild 1975). Origins for asymmetries in models for the atmospheric structure of LRVs are further discussed by Bowen (1988).…”

Section: Mechanisms That Produce Polarization In Lrvsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Asymmetries around Luminous Red Variables

Magalhães

Nordsieck

2000

Symp. - Int. Astron. Union

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Abstract. Departures from spherical symmetry are known to exist around Luminous Red Variables (LRVs). One of the earliest pieces of evidence came from the discovery that light from these objects is polarized. Additional evidence comes from other techniques and observations of related objects. This talk briefly reviews these data and focuses on the mechanisms that produce polarization in LRVs. Emphasis is given on recent spectropolarimetric monitoring data of selected key objects and what we have learned about the LRV environment from such data.

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“…Based on observational photospheric data which show significant variabilities, Schwarzschild (1975) suggested that the size scale of the convective elements in the photospheres of red giants and supergiants might be extremely large that only a modest number of cells can be present at any one time on the stellar surface. This result is in sharp contrast to the case of the Sun (and of similar stars), where the number of granules simultaneously present on the surface exceeds two million.…”

Section: Propositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromospheric heating in late–type stars: evidence for magnetic and nonmagnetic surface structure

Cuntz

1996

Symp. - Int. Astron. Union

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Abstract. The aim of this paper is to evaluate recent observational and theoretical results concerning the physics of chromospheric heating as inferred from IUE, HST-GHRS and ROSAT data. These results are discussed in conjunction with theoretical model calculations based on acoustic and magnetic heating to infer some conclusions about the magnetic and nonmagnetic surface structure of cool luminous stars. I find that most types of stars may exhibit both magnetic and nonmagnetic structures. Candidates for pure nonmagnetic surface structure include M-type giants and supergiants. M-type supergiants are also ideal candidates for identifying direct links between the appearance of hot spots on the stellar surface (perhaps caused by large convective bubbles) and temporarily increased chromospheric heating and emission.

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On the scale of photospheric convection in red giants and supergiants

Cited by 326 publications

References 0 publications

Supergiant Pulsations

Supergiant Pulsations

Asymmetries around Luminous Red Variables

Chromospheric heating in late–type stars: evidence for magnetic and nonmagnetic surface structure

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