On the Scheduling of Energy-Aware Fault-Tolerant Mixed-Criticality Multicore Systems with Service Guarantee Exploration

Safari, Sepideh; Ansari, Mohsen; Ershadi, Ghazal; Hessabi, Shaahin

doi:10.1109/tpds.2019.2907846

Cited by 49 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The LETR-MC scheme has been proposed in [83] that satisfies timing, energy, reliability, and service level constraints in mixed-criticality multi-core systems. The task replication is employed to satisfy reliability requirements and enhance the QoS of low-criticality tasks in the overrun operational mode of the system.…”

Section: B Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Particularly, they employ redundancy in terms of time, hardware, software, and information to satisfy a given reliability target, which specifies the probability that the system functions correctly according to its specifications in the time interval [0, t], with the assumption that it was functioning correctly in the beginning (at time 0) [16], [17]. The shift to a multi-core paradigm provides a great potential for the implementation of fault-tolerance techniques, which require additional resources on the chip to employ redundancy in order to fulfill reliability requirements [83], [92]. However, implementing fault-tolerance techniques leads to time overhead, additional power/energy consumption, and high temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Survey of Fault-Tolerance Techniques for Embedded Systems From the Perspective of Power, Energy, and Thermal Issues

et al. 2022

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The relentless technology scaling has provided a significant increase in processor performance, but on the other hand, it has led to adverse impacts on system reliability. In particular, technology scaling increases the processor susceptibility to radiation-induced transient faults. Moreover, technology scaling with the discontinuation of Dennard scaling increases the power densities, thereby temperatures, on the chip. High temperature, in turn, accelerates transistor aging mechanisms, which may ultimately lead to permanent faults on the chip. To assure a reliable system operation, despite these potential reliability concerns, fault-tolerance techniques have emerged. Specifically, fault-tolerance techniques employ some kind of redundancies to satisfy specific reliability requirements. However, the integration of fault-tolerance techniques into real-time embedded systems complicates preserving timing constraints. As a remedy, many task mapping/scheduling policies have been proposed to consider the integration of fault-tolerance techniques and enforce both timing and reliability guarantees for real-time embedded systems. More advanced techniques aim additionally at minimizing power and energy while at the same time satisfying timing and reliability constraints. Recently, some scheduling techniques have started to tackle a new challenge, which is the temperature increase induced by employing fault-tolerance techniques. These emerging techniques aim at satisfying temperature constraints besides timing and reliability constraints. This paper provides an in-depth survey of the emerging research efforts that exploit fault-tolerance techniques while considering timing, power/energy, and temperature from the real-time embedded systems' design perspective. In particular, the task mapping/scheduling policies for fault-tolerance real-time embedded systems are reviewed and classified according to their considered goals and constraints. Moreover, the employed fault-tolerance techniques, application models, and hardware models are considered as additional dimensions of the presented classification. Lastly, this survey gives deep insights into the main achievements and shortcomings of the existing approaches and highlights the most promising ones.INDEX TERMS Fault-tolerance, embedded systems, real-time computing, scheduling, power/energy minimization, thermal-aware design.

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Section: B Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Fault-Tolerance Techniques for Embedded Systems From the Perspective of Power, Energy, and Thermal Issues

et al. 2022

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“…Guo et al [35] studied the schedulability of MC tasks with permitted failure probability, but the focus was only on timing faults (deadline misses). Other works exploited MC for replicas [36], [37], including multi-core setups [38]. All of the previously mentioned works take into account important yet limited aspects of fault tolerance in the MC context.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mixed-Criticality Approach to Fault Tolerance: Integrating Schedulability and Failure Requirements

Reghenzani

Guo

Santinelli

et al. 2022

2022 IEEE 28th Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS)

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Mixed-Criticality (MC) systems have been widely studied in the past decade, majorly due to their potential to consolidate applications with different criticality levels onto the same platform. In the original design proposed by Vestal, a target probability of failure per hour specified by certification requirements is assigned to each criticality level. These requirements have been mainly conceived for hardware faults. Software fault tolerance techniques are available to mitigate hardware faults, but their adaptation to real-time systems is challenging due to the introduced overhead. This paper proposes an extension to the traditional MC scheduling theory to implement fault tolerance strategies against transient faults, with the goal of complying with both failure and timing requirements. In particular, we introduce the dropping relationships that generalize the concept of criticality and allow, on the one hand, to improve the schedulability analysis, on the other, to control the dependency between tasks satisfying the certification requirements. The simulation study shows a schedulability ratio improvement of 20-30% compared to classical scheduling while maintaining compliance with failure requirements.

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“…[21], a replication heuristic algorithm in an unsupervised way has been studied. Safari et al [22] consider the number of copies, frequency, and reliability and uses the reserved processor to replicate and redistribute copies on the reservation processor.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Approach to Modeling and Analyzing Reliability for Microservice‐Oriented Cloud Applications

Liu

Fan

et al. 2021

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

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Microservice architecture is a cloud-native architectural style, which has attracted extensive attention from the scientific research and industry communities to benefit independent development and deployment. However, due to the complexity of cloud-based platforms, the design of fault-tolerant strategies for microservice-oriented cloud applications becomes challenging. In order to improve the quality of service, it is essential to focus on the microservice with more criticality and maximize the reliability of the entire cloud application. This paper studies the modeling and analysis of service reliability in the cloud environment. Firstly, a formal description language is defined to model microservice, user request, and container accurately. Secondly, the reliability analysis is conducted to measure a critical microservice’s fluctuation and vibration attributes within a period, and the related properties of the constructed model are analyzed. Thirdly, a fault-tolerant strategy with redundancy operation has been proposed to optimize cloud application reliability. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by experiments. The simulation results show that the algorithm obtains the maximum benefits and has high performance through several experiments.

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On the Scheduling of Energy-Aware Fault-Tolerant Mixed-Criticality Multicore Systems with Service Guarantee Exploration

Cited by 49 publications

References 43 publications

A Survey of Fault-Tolerance Techniques for Embedded Systems From the Perspective of Power, Energy, and Thermal Issues

A Survey of Fault-Tolerance Techniques for Embedded Systems From the Perspective of Power, Energy, and Thermal Issues

A Mixed-Criticality Approach to Fault Tolerance: Integrating Schedulability and Failure Requirements

An Approach to Modeling and Analyzing Reliability for Microservice‐Oriented Cloud Applications

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