“…We note that optimization models have been widely applied to civil and construction fields, such as transportation management (Akhand et al., 2020; Chai et al., 2022; Tang & Zeng, 2022), traffic assignment (Li et al., 2021; Verstraete & Tampère, 2022; Zhang et al., 2021), vehicle route design (Liu et al., 2021; Tong et al., 2021), structure monitoring (Eltouny & Liang, 2021; Sajedi & Liang, 2022), construction surveillance and control (Gutierrez Soto & Adeli, 2018; Miralinaghi et al., 2021; Sanchez et al., 2022; Yi & Sutrisna, 2021), construction cost estimation (Adeli & Wu, 1998; Karim & Adeli, 1999), resource scheduling (Rafiei & Adeli, 2018; Senouci & Adeli, 2001), and freeway project design (Jiang & Adeli, 2003; Karim & Adeli, 2003; Miralinaghi et al., 2020). We extend the research field by applying a bilevel modeling approach to the CW disposal process.…”