“…It is utilized in tasks such as multiple sequence alignment (Li and Homer 2010), biological database retrieval (Berger, Waterman, and Yu 2020), sequence hierarchical clustering (Sberro et al 2019), etc. In recent years, the rapid development of DNA storage (Goldman et al 2013;Church, Gao, and Kosuri 2012;Grass et al 2015) has introduced numerous applications of the Levenshtein distance, including sequence clustering (Rashtchian et al 2017;Zorita, Cuscó, and Filion 2015;Qu, Yan, and Wu 2022;Logan et al 2022), sequence alignment (Li and Homer 2010;Corso et al 2021), synchronization channel coding (Press et al 2020;Bar-Lev, Etzion, and Yaakobi 2023;Welzel et al 2023), etc. However, as the scale of information stored by DNA molecules continues to grow, the computational complexity of the Levenshtein distance becomes a significant challenge for the aforementioned applications.…”