On the smell of Composition C-4

Kranz, William; Kitts, K.; Strange, Nicholas A.; Cummins, Joshua J.; Lotspeich, Erica; Goodpaster, John V.

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.012

Cited by 32 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…2-Ethyl-1-hexanol also registers among the most telltale compounds, and is a known hydrolysis product of the plasticizers bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate. [13][14][15][16] In a number of products, the 2-ethylhexyl moiety is present in the form of benzoic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester, suggesting a possible source of origin.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,7 Similarly, SPME is widely recognized as a method to extract volatile compounds from the headspace above ignitable liquids 8,9 and plasticized explosives. [10][11][12] As will be discussed below, these compounds can be found in several tire treatment products discussed in this paper. There are several alternative methods for sampling volatiles emitted by a sample, including simple headspace, passive adsorption elution, and dynamic headspace concentration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Detection of prohibited treatment products on racing tires using headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)

2016

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A variety of commercial tire treatments are available that purport to help automobile tires better cling to the surface of a road or racetrack, raising concerns in the professional racing community that such products might be used to illicitly boost performance in competitive events. These tire treatments are reputed to cut lap times and improve handling and maneuverability. In some cases, the manufacturers even boast that their products are "undetectable" (i.e., impervious to the scrutiny of laboratory testing). In this study, a number of banned tire treatment products were evaluated principally by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using solid phase microextraction (SPME) as a pre-concentration technique. The chemicals off-gassed by each product were determined and grouped into two broad categories: 'plasticizer-based' tire treatment products and 'hydrocarbon-based' tire treatment products. This information was then applied to the analysis of genuine tire samples provided by the United States Auto Club (USAC), a professional racing association. Over the course of one year, 10 out of the 71 questioned samples tested positive for a prohibited treatment product. The manufacturers' claims regarding their products' invisibility to lab tests were largely proven to be unfounded: both the products themselves and the tires treated with them can be identified by a number of characteristic volatile compounds. These included known plasticizers such as pentanedioic acid diethyl ester, plasticizer-related compounds such as 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and dearomatized distillates.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Detection of prohibited treatment products on racing tires using headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)

2016

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“…It is possible that the DNT vapor source exhibited an increased release of vapor due to convection over the PDMS surface. However, we suspect that this did not significantly influence the results, as the low concentration of DNT within the PDMS matrix created a diffusion-limited case for mass transport of DNT to the air rather than one dominated by convective forces (see refs 60,65, 66, 67). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomimetic Sniffing Improves the Detection Performance of a 3D Printed Nose of a Dog and a Commercial Trace Vapor Detector

Staymates

MacCrehan

Staymates

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Unlike current chemical trace detection technology, dogs actively sniff to acquire an odor sample. Flow visualization experiments with an anatomically-similar 3D printed dog’s nose revealed the external aerodynamics during canine sniffing, where ventral-laterally expired air jets entrain odorant-laden air toward the nose, thereby extending the “aerodynamic reach” for inspiration of otherwise inaccessible odors. Chemical sampling and detection experiments quantified two modes of operation with the artificial nose-active sniffing and continuous inspiration-and demonstrated an increase in odorant detection by a factor of up to 18 for active sniffing. A 16-fold improvement in detection was demonstrated with a commercially-available explosives detector by applying this bio-inspired design principle and making the device “sniff” like a dog. These lessons learned from the dog may benefit the next-generation of vapor samplers for explosives, narcotics, pathogens, or even cancer, and could inform future bio-inspired designs for optimized sampling of odor plumes.

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“…There are some standard techniques used for the detection of trace quantities of explosive materials. Some of these techniques for explosive material detection include gas chromatography 1 , 2-4 , x-ray analysis 5,6 , neutron activation 7-11 , chemiluminescence [12][13][14][15][16][17] , vapor detection via cantilever [18][19][20][21] systems and even biological techniques like dog noses [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] or honeybees 27,28 . However, despite the vast array of available techniques, none of these have yet proven 100% effective and ruggedized in the presence of a complex chemical background and under standard theatre environments encountered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman Detection of improvised explosive device (IED) material fabricated using drop-on-demand Inkjet Technology on several real world surfaces

2015

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The requirement to detect hazardous materials (i.e., chemical, biological, and explosive) on a host of materials has led to the development of hazard detection systems. These new technologies and their capabilities could have immediate uses for the US military, national security agencies, and environmental response teams in efforts to keep people secure and safe. In particular, due to the increasing use by terrorists, the detection of common explosives and improvised explosive device (IED) materials have motivated research efforts toward detecting trace (i.e., particle level) quantities on multiple commonly encountered surfaces (e.g., textiles, metals, plastics, natural products, and even people). Non-destructive detection techniques can detect trace quantities of explosive materials; however, it can be challenging in the presence of a complex chemical background. One spectroscopic technique gaining increased attention for detection is Raman.One popular explosive precursor material is ammonium nitrate (AN). The material AN has many agricultural applications, however it can also be used in the fabrication of IEDs or homemade explosives (HMEs). In this paper, known amounts of AN will be deposited using an inkjet printer into several different common material surfaces (e.g., wood, human hair, textiles, metals, plastics). The materials are characterized with microscope images and by collecting Raman spectral data. In this report the detection and identification of AN will be demonstrated.

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On the smell of Composition C-4

Cited by 32 publications

References 21 publications

Detection of prohibited treatment products on racing tires using headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)

Detection of prohibited treatment products on racing tires using headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)

Biomimetic Sniffing Improves the Detection Performance of a 3D Printed Nose of a Dog and a Commercial Trace Vapor Detector

Raman Detection of improvised explosive device (IED) material fabricated using drop-on-demand Inkjet Technology on several real world surfaces

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