On the solid state products of the thermal decomposition of confined and unconfined triaminotrinitrobenzene

Catalano, Edward; Rolon, Claudia E.

doi:10.1016/0040-6031(83)80303-7

Cited by 15 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…No evidence of F‐type features due to the decomposition of the Kel‐F polymer, from LX‐17, were observed. These assignments are based on several studies on TATB decomposition [2, 35, 36], thin film [37–45], amorphous carbon [46–48], and para‐ and para‐ iso ‐cyanogen [49–56].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This would suggest the TATB ring itself does not fall apart but reacts further towards condensing into amorphous or weakly organized carbon networks. This, however, does not account for the formation of CO 2 , which is always seen in these reactions, even early on, as well as other oxides of carbon, C 2 N 2 , C 2 N 2 O, and other small molecules [2, 10, 12, 24, 96]. A key to this can be found in the gas monitoring during a modified SSVCT experiment [97].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Efforts have been made to understand the decomposition of the bulk material, as well as on a molecular level. Initial work addressed overall kinetics, realizing early the decomposition of a solid‐phase material is not well understood kinetically or mechanistically [1–5]. Attempts to characterize volatile decomposition products along with light gases led to the perspective benzo‐furazans and benzo‐furoxans are potentially stepwise formed and are part of the chain of decomposition reactions [6–15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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LX‐17 Thermal Decomposition‐Characterization of Solid Residues from Cook‐Off in a Small‐Scale Vessel Under Confinement

Reynolds

Muetterties

Nelson

et al. 2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Concerns surround whether insensitive (or any) energetic materials are more dangerous to handle when exposed to abnormal thermal environments. This study characterizes the residual material remaining after LX‐17 (92.5 % 1,3,5‐triamino 2,4,6‐trinitro benzene (TATB) and 7.5 % Kel‐F) is exposed to various thermal environments in a sealed small‐scale vessel cook‐off test reactor (heated at 0.1 to 100 °C/min until the reactor opened at 3000 psi (20.7 MPa)). Previous work has shown no additional sensitivity of these residues as evaluated by small‐scale safety analysis, but characterization on the molecular scale indicates the TATB is transformed to more reactive compounds as well as the residue could be precursors to toxic gases. The solids and chars were characterized by various analytical methods. Heat‐flow measurements indicated exothermic release is due to a mixture of residual TATB and related decomposition products (which may be more energetic). The N/C and O/N ratios indicated a material much more degraded than TATB. Primarily, the solids were a network of amorphous C inter‐dispersed with N and O. Types of bonding include C−C, C−N, N−H, N−C, N=C, N≡C, C−O=, and −OH. Solvent extracts of the solids showed TATB decomposition intermediates benzo‐furazans and benzo‐furoxans, substituted TATB (mono‐nitroso, hydroxyl, and chlorinated) along with several unidentified smaller molecules. These results indicate thermal treatment produces an amorphous carbon residue with heteroatoms incorporated through differing functionality, varying depending upon the thermal severity of exposure. These structures also could further decompose producing toxic light gases (such as cyanide).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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LX‐17 Thermal Decomposition‐Characterization of Solid Residues from Cook‐Off in a Small‐Scale Vessel Under Confinement

Reynolds

Muetterties

Nelson

et al. 2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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show abstract

“…ESR spectroscopic studies [6] confirm the formation of free radicals in the thermal decomposition of TATB. It has been concluded from infrared matrix isolation spectra [7] and pressure-time response of the product gases and mass spectra that intramolecular water abstraction cannot be an important mechanism since little water is released.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic and thermal studies on the decomposition of l,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB)

Makashir

Kurian

1996

Journal of Thermal Analysis

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The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) in condensed state has been investigated by high temperature infrared spectroscopy (IR) and thermogravimetry (TG) in conjunction with pyrolysis gas analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and hot stage microscopy. The decomposition proceeds in two main stages under isothermal conditions and the initial stage involving about 24% loss in weight obeys Avrami-Erofe'ev equation (n = 1), and is governed by an activation energy (E) of 150.58 kJ.mol -l and log(A in s -l) 12.06. The second stage corresponding to 24 to 90% loss in weight gave best fit for Avrami-Erofe'ev equation, n=2, with E=239.56 kJ.mol -~ and log(A in s <) 19.88 by isothermal TG. The effect of additives, on the initial thermolysis of TATB has also been studied. Evolved gas analysis by IR showed that NH3, CO2, NO2, HCN and H20 are produced in the initial stage of decomposition. The decomposition in KBr matrix in the temperature range 272 to 311.5~ shows relative preferential loss in the -NH2 to -NOz band intensity which indicates that the rupture of C-NHz bond, weakened also by the interaction of the NH2 with the neighbouring NOz group, appears to be the primary step in the thermolysis of TATB.

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“…(References 45,195,202) made numerous observations and measurements on the slow thermal decomposition of TATB.…”

Section: Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics and mechanisms of thermal decomposition of nitroaromatic explosives

Brill¹,

James²

1993

Chem. Rev.

391

337

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On the solid state products of the thermal decomposition of confined and unconfined triaminotrinitrobenzene

Cited by 15 publications

References 6 publications

LX‐17 Thermal Decomposition‐Characterization of Solid Residues from Cook‐Off in a Small‐Scale Vessel Under Confinement

LX‐17 Thermal Decomposition‐Characterization of Solid Residues from Cook‐Off in a Small‐Scale Vessel Under Confinement

Spectroscopic and thermal studies on the decomposition of l,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB)

Kinetics and mechanisms of thermal decomposition of nitroaromatic explosives

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