Based on recent advances in analog/digital circuits for self‐interference cancellation, the use of full duplex (FD) in small‐cell networks has been receiving increasing attention as a promising solution to cope with explosive demand for wireless communications. FD operation has the potential to double the spectral efficiency of point‐to‐point communications by enabling concurrent transmission and reception over the same frequency band. However, the spectral efficiency gain of FD can be significantly limited in small‐cell networks if traditional strategies developed for half duplex (HD) are reused without careful consideration of cross‐mode interference. In this article, we look at some major issues in developing FD communication strategies for small‐cell networks and introduce recent results on spectral efficiency gains of FD over HD in various networks.
First, we focus on single‐antenna systems. To improve mitigate the cross‐mode interference, selection diversity is exploited by allocating the same channel to widely separated uplink/downlink users, opportunistically scheduling uplink/downlink user pair, and selecting FD/HD mode. In particular, the spectral efficiency gain of FD over HD can be at most about 20% in randomly deployed large networks. This low gain comes from the limited interference avoidance capability of single‐antenna systems. Second, we shift our focus to multi‐antenna systems. By means of multi‐antenna techniques, multi‐antenna system can effectively mitigate the aggregated network interference. In particular, the FD operation can asymptotically double the spectral in randomly deployed large networks with massive MIMO. Finally, we present challenges and opportunities in developing FD strategies for future small‐cell networks.