On the Spin‐Up Period in WRF Simulations Over Europe: Trade‐Offs Between Length and Seasonality

Abstract

Regional climate models (RCMs) are usually initialized and driven through the boundaries of their limited area domain by data provided by global models (GCMs). The mismatch between the low-resolution GCM initial conditions and RCM's high resolution introduces physical inconsistencies between the various components of the RCM. These inconsistencies can be resolved by running the RCM during a period that is considered unreliable: the spin-up period. There is no deterministic definition of the length that the spin-up period should have. Here we try to provide general guidelines that can be used to the advantage of the community. We base our analysis on Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulations over a Euro-Cordex compliant domain and find that for 2-m temperature and precipitation, rather short spin-up periods (1 week) can be sufficient. Nevertheless, longer periods (6 months) are advisable, and start dates in non-winter months should be pursued, as this ensures a more realistic representation of the snow cover. Thus, the issue is not only about the spin-up length. As the soil subsystem evolves slowly and requires longer periods to reach equilibrium than the longest considered here (1 year), seasonality plays an important role in minimizing the impact of the unreliability of the soil initialization. Fortunately, except for goals where the deep soil-atmosphere feedback are critical, the lack of equilibrium between them can be ignored, as it seems to have little effect on the simulation of the atmospheric variables most frequently used in RCM studies. Plain Language SummaryHigh-resolution climate simulations performed with the so-called regional climate models (RCMs) are usually initialized from coarser databases that provide an inconsistent picture at the higher resolution of the RCM. To overcome it and obtain reliable RCM simulations, RCMs should run over a time span to reach physical equilibrium. During this "trash" period (called spin-up period), the RCM outputs should be discarded for later analysis, for example, for assessing climate change impacts. In order to guarantee the reliability of RCM simulations and minimize their high computational cost, determining an optimal length of the spin-up period is critical. For a European domain with~50-km resolution and for a particular, but widely used, RCM, the WRF model, here we find that half a year of spin-up would be enough for atmospheric variables (temperature and precipitation), always that the RCM initialization occurs in summer months; otherwise, the snow cover initial state is misrepresented, making it inadvisable longer spin-up periods implying winter start dates. However, soil variables (especially water content) cannot be trusted even after up to one full year of spin-up. Fortunately, the negligible impact of this issue for most RCM applications involving only atmospheric variables emerges also from our analysis.

Ensemble-Tailored Pattern Analysis of High-Resolution Dynamically Downscaled Precipitation Fields: Example for Climate Sensitive Regions of South America

“…Simulations were continuously run over a period of 2.5 years (Jan 2006to Jun 2008 to capture different wet and dry conditions during the rainy and dry seasons of the regions and including a 6-months spin-up for soil moisture equilibrium adjustment. In their sensitivity study on the effect of spin-up length to atmospheric variables like precipitation and 2-m temperature, Jerez et al (2020) recommend a sixmonths spin-up period as the best compromise between required computational expense and any remaining imbalance of the soil subsystem. Analyzing the behavior of relative soil moisture content in different parameterization experiments for the 2.5 years simulation period suggests that a 6-months period is sufficient for obtaining the dynamical soil moisture equilibrium in all domains (not shown).…”

Contribution of fine particulate matter to present and future premature mortality over Europe: A non-linear response

“…Vertical resolution is 29 vertical sigma levels with the top at 50 hPa. The simulated periods were split into 5-year periods continuously run with a spin-up period of 4 months, following the recommendations of Jerez et al (2020) . Due to the lack of dust concentrations in the boundary conditions, an outer domain with a spatial resolution of 1.32° covering the main source of Saharan dust ( Goudie and Middleton, 2001 , Goudie and Middleton, 2006 ) were used as in Palacios-Peña et al (2019b) .…”

Precipitation response to Aerosol-Radiation and Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in Regional Climate Simulations over Europe

“…The simulations were run splitting the full period into sub-periods of 5 years with a spin-up period of 4 months, beginning with the direct interpolation of the soil data of the reanalysis. This period was chosen in accordance with the results of Jerez et al (2020). The boundary conditions were updated every 6 hours.…”