On the Stability of Psychological Hardiness: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study

Abstract

This file was dowloaded from the institutional repository Brage NIH -brage.bibsys.no/nih Hystad, S. W., Olsen, O. K., Espevik, R., Säfvenbom, R. (2015). On the stability of psychological hardiness: a three-year longitudinal study.Military Psychology, 27,[155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168].Dette er siste tekst-versjon av artikkelen, og den kan inneholde små forskjeller fra forlagets pdf-versjon. Forlagets pdf-versjon finner du på www.apa.org: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/mil0000069This is the final text version of the article, and it may contain minor differences from the journal's pdf version. (2004) found that officers who were low in hardiness made more erroneous decisions compared with officers high on hardiness during simulated incidents. In military groups, hardiness has been identified as significant moderator of combat-exposure stress (Bartone, 1999(Bartone, , 2000, as well as leader performance (Bartone, Eid, Johnsen, Laberg, & Snook, 2009 Hardiness DevelopmentHardiness training programs have varied in complexity from relatively simple self-paced learning modules to more elaborate approaches that also include teachings on additional factors that can influence healthy and unhealthy reactions to stress. In one of the earliest reported efforts, In sum, there seems to be some empirical evidence suggesting that hardiness may be malleable to the effects of training initiatives. Many studies, however, are somewhat limited in 6 that they have utilized a relatively short time-frame with minimal post-intervention follow-up (for a more complete review, see . Using a short timeframe raises the possibility that some of the increases are learning effects due to test familiarization. In the study by Tierny and Lavelle (1997), for instance, levels of hardiness increased immediately following completion of the training, but returned to baseline levels six months later. Bartone and Hystad (2010) suggest that to create lasting effects, hardiness training may need to include regular follow-ups and re-training over an extended period of time. To the best of our knowledge, no studies so far have longitudinally investigated how individual levels of hardiness are influenced by long-term training interventions. Hardiness Development and Military ExperienceBased on the discussion so far, the aim of this study was to longitudinally examine the showed that individual hardiness levels increased following completion of the training course.

Hardiness, avoidance coping, and alcohol consumption in war veterans: A moderated‐mediation study

“…It is also the case that hardiness and avoidance coping were measured at the same time point in both samples, whereas ideally, avoidance coping should be measured after hardiness in order to demonstrate a clear causal sequence. But given that hardiness is a relatively stable personality trait as compared with coping strategies that are more changeable, it seems unlikely that avoidance coping actions would cause hardiness levels to decline (Hystad, Olsen, Espevik & Säfvenbom, ).…”

Effects of Mental Strength Training for Police Officers: a Three-Wave Quasi-experimental Study

“…Furthermore, although psychological resilience is often at the conceptual core of stress management, it remains questionable whether this is an effective choice when aiming to improve the ability of the police work force, or similar professions like the military to deal with stressful situations. A recent study by Hystad et al (2015) stressed group level stability of hardiness, a concept akin to psychological resilience, after 3 years of military training and thereby disputing the changeability of psychological resilience within the military population. In contrast, the study by McCraty et al (2009) did find positive training effects, but focused more on other aspects such as coping, motivation, and/or positive outlook.…”

Hardiness of inhabitants of the north: regional and generational factors

“…Particular attention is drawn to the studies of hardiness formation in the process of professional development in law enforcement body employees. S. W. Hystad and others found no statistically significant effect of time on hardiness scores in students from 3 different Norwegian military academies [13]. The results of the study conducted by E. A. Kuasheva showed that the dynamics of hardiness in the process of professionalization is nonlinear and reaches maximum values in the second and final stages of service in the lawenforcement bodies [14].…”