On the subjective character of the empirical base of Guilford's structure-of-intellect model.

Horn, John L.; Knapp, John R.

doi:10.1037/h0034681

Cited by 175 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Moreover, scientific evidence for general intelligence notwithstanding (Carroll, 1993;Horn & Knapp, 1973Hunt, 2001;Jensen, 1998;Lubinski & Benbow, 1995;Messick, 1976), there is strong popular interest in the idea that intelligence reflects multiple specific abilities (Gardner, 1993;Guilford, 1985). This has led to both relative popular acceptance of the observation that males tend to perform better on some kinds of tests whereas females perform better on others and to a shift in focus to investigating these more specific differences in both means and variability.…”

Section: History Of the Variability Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Variability in General Intelligence: A New Look at the Old Question

Johnson

Carothers

Deary

2008

Perspect Psychol Sci

187

121

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ABSTRACT-The idea that general intelligence may be more variable in males than in females has a long history. In recent years it has been presented as a reason that there is little, if any, mean sex difference in general intelligence, yet males tend to be overrepresented at both the top and bottom ends of its overall, presumably normal, distribution. Clear analysis of the actual distribution of general intelligence based on large and appropriately population-representative samples is rare, however. Using two population-wide surveys of general intelligence in 11-year-olds in Scotland, we showed that there were substantial departures from normality in the distribution, with less variability in the higher range than in the lower. Despite mean IQ-scale scores of 100, modal scores were about 105. Even above modal level, males showed more variability than females. This is consistent with a model of the population distribution of general intelligence as a mixture of two essentially normal distributions, one reflecting normal variation in general intelligence and one reflecting normal variation in effects of genetic and environmental conditions involving mental retardation. Though present at the high end of the distribution, sex differences in variability did not appear to account for sex differences in high-level achievement. Perspectives on Psychological Science -November 2008 -In PressThe variability hypothesis, which posits that general intelligence may be more biologically variable in males than in females, has a long history in both scientific and political writings. In recent years, it has received renewed attention as an explanation for the presence of greater numbers of males than females in technology, engineering, and the highest levels of scientific research. As is often the case in areas of research involving demographic group differences, much of the literature has been emotionally charged, and the empirical data have often been ambiguous. Even when observed results have seemed clear, researchers have raised issues involving adequacy of overall sample size and differences in relative selectivity of male and female samples, relevant experiential background, participant responses to the testing situation, and rates of physical and

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Section: History Of the Variability Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Variability in General Intelligence: A New Look at the Old Question

Johnson

Carothers

Deary

2008

Perspect Psychol Sci

187

121

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“…Guilford and his colleagues (e.g., Guilford, 1967) refer to its negative pole as divergent thinking which is, of course, contrasted with convergent thinking. Despite the problems with Guilford's three faceted model of intellect on account of the difficulties with his Procrustes rotations (Horn and Knapp, 1973), there is little doubt that divergent thinking abilities, flexibility, fluency and originality, do load a factor. Cattell (e.g., 1971) has labelled it the retrieval factor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Rigid Personality and Rigid Thinking

Kline¹,

Cooper²

1985

Brit J of Edu Psychol

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“…This is probably due to the fact that Guttman's recent model derives from the WISC-R battery whereas most other theories of intelligence have used one element--the paper-andpencil Mode of Expression. Nevertheless, Horn and Knapp (1974) showing their similarities and differences. The concentric circles in the top shaded section are labeled in accordance with Guttman's Rule Task facet.…”

Section: Re-emergence Of Guttman's Radex Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%