On the Tendency of Solutions to Tend Toward Ideal Solutions at High Temperatures

Kaptay, George

doi:10.1007/s11661-011-0902-x

Cited by 87 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Low values of activity coefficients show that the interaction of lanthanide and actinide elements with the liquid alloy is strong. Increasing temperature shifts the system towards more ideal behaviour in agreement with the previous observations[31,32].…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

Thermodynamic properties of La–Ga–Al and U–Ga–Al alloys and the separation factor of U/La couple in the molten salt–liquid metal system

Новоселова

Smolenski

Volkovich

et al. 2015

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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supporting

confidence: 91%

Thermodynamic properties of La–Ga–Al and U–Ga–Al alloys and the separation factor of U/La couple in the molten salt–liquid metal system

Новоселова

Smolenski

Volkovich

et al. 2015

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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“…According to IAS model, the temperature dependences of partial mixing enthalpies, Gibbs energies and entropies of the components of the In-Yb liquid alloys at infinite dilution (Fig. 3) is characterized by slow tendency to ideality at higher temperatures, which is in agreement with the general regularities [21].…”

Section: Experimental Partsupporting

confidence: 78%

Thermodynamic properties of alloys of the binary In–Yb system

Shevchenko¹,

Иванов²,

Berezutski³

et al. 2016

Russ. J. Phys. Chem.

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The thermochemical properties of melts of the binary In-Yb system were studied by the calorimetry method at 1160-1380 K over the whole concentration interval. It was shown that significant negative heat effects of mixing are characteristic features for these melts. Using the ideal associated solution (IAS) model, the activities of components, Gibbs energies and the entropies of mixing in the alloys, and the phase diagram of this system were calculated. They agree with the data from literature.Alloys of the rare-earth metals with p-elements of the third group are promising as superconductors, catalysts and promoters, as well as cathode materials with various emission properties [1,2]. However, there are only few works in the literature devoted to investigation of thermodynamic properties of indium-lanthanide alloys. Even those which were conducted, are related mostly to the alloys containing 75% indium or more. This is caused by poor accessibility of the components in pure state, and by instability of their alloys in air.Nevertheless, in the rest, these alloys are quite easy objects to investigate, since they are mostly low-melting, non-volatile, and not interacting with refractory crucible materials. This allows us to conduct investigation of thermodynamic properties of the In-Ln melts using calorimetry method over wide concentration ranges. Our research group has already done it successfully for the Eu-In [3] and the Ce-In systems. The present work is devoted to the In-Yb liquid alloys. Studying wide range of such systems, including the Gd-In and the In-La, will give an opportunity to determine the regularities of interaction between the components of the In-Ln systems.The phase diagram of the In-Yb system was investigated by McMasters et al. [4] using differential thermal analysis, metallography and X-ray diffraction methods. Fields of solid solutions, containing up to 1 at % In, were found for two ytterbium modifications (β-and γ-Yb). Five intermetallics were identified: YbIn 3 , YbIn 2 , YbIn, Yb 2 In, and Yb 5 In 2 . Two of them melt congruently (YbIn 2 , YbIn), and two else decompose by peritectic reactions (YbIn 3 , Yb 2 In). For the last intermetallic, the authors [4] proposed stoichiometry Yb 5 In 2 and peritectic melting. However, later in the work [5] the crystal structure and composition of this compound were updated-Yb 8 In 3 . A review [6] gave the phase diagram of the In-Yb system which includes this modification. Shifting of the composition from 71.4 to 72.7 at % Yb makes peritectic melting type of the Yb 8 In 3 compound questionable-instead, congruent melting becomes possible. Unfortunately, in both the handbook [7] and the CALPHAD thermodynamic assessment [8] this updating of stoichiometry was missed, and an old variant was used-Yb 5 In 2 .

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“…[29] Now, let us estimate the standard Gibbs energies of formation of intermetallic compounds FeZn and FeTi (in kJ/mol):…”

Section: Dg E1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing the Color of Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Sheet Through Destructive Light Interference Using a Zn-Ti Liquid Metallic Bath

Lévai

Godzsák

Törók

et al. 2016

Metall Mater Trans A

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The color of hot-dip galvanized steel sheet was adjusted in a reproducible way using a liquid Zn-Ti metallic bath, air atmosphere, and controlling the bath temperature as the only experi mental parame ter. Coloring was found only for sample s cooled in air and dipped into Ti-containing liquid Zn. For samples dipped into a 0.15 wt pct Ti-containing Zn bath, the color remained metallic (gray) below a 792 K (519°C) bath temperature; it was yellow at 814 K ± 22 K (541°C ± 22°C), violet at 847 K ± 10 K (574°C ± 10°C), and blue at 873 K ± 15 K (600°C ± 15°C). With the increasing bath temperature, the thickness of the adhered Zn-Ti layer gradually decreased from 52 to 32 micrometers, while the thickness of the outer TiO 2 layer gradually increased from 24 to 69 nm. Due to small Al contamination of the Zn bath, a thin (around 2 nm) alumina-rich layer is found between the outer TiO 2 layer and the inner macroscopic Zn layer. It is proven that the color change was governed by the formation of thin outer TiO 2 layer; different colors appear depending on the thickness of this layer, mostly due to the destructive interference of visible light on this transparent nano-layer. A complex model was built to explain the results using known relationships of chemical thermodynamics, adhesion, heat flow, kinetics of chemical reactions, diffusion, and optics. The complex model was able to reproduce the observations and allowed making predictions on the color of the hot-dip galvanized steel sample, as a function of the following experimental parameters: temperature and Ti content of the Zn bath, oxygen content, pressure, temperature and flow rate of the cooling gas, dimensions of the steel sheet, velocity of dipping the steel sheet into the Zn-Ti bath, residence time of the steel sheet within the bath, and the velocity of its removal from the bath. These relationships will be valuable for planning further experiments and technologies on color hot-dip galvanization of steel by Zn-Ti alloys.

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On the Tendency of Solutions to Tend Toward Ideal Solutions at High Temperatures

Cited by 87 publications

References 35 publications

Thermodynamic properties of La–Ga–Al and U–Ga–Al alloys and the separation factor of U/La couple in the molten salt–liquid metal system

Thermodynamic properties of La–Ga–Al and U–Ga–Al alloys and the separation factor of U/La couple in the molten salt–liquid metal system

Thermodynamic properties of alloys of the binary In–Yb system

Designing the Color of Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Sheet Through Destructive Light Interference Using a Zn-Ti Liquid Metallic Bath

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