On the Theory and Design of Cold Resistors

Abstract

The concept of using special electrical circuit design to realize “cold resistors”, i.e., an active resistor circuitry with lower effective noise temperature, was first introduced about 80 years ago. Later on, various kinds of artificial resistors were applied in different research areas, such as gravitational wave detection, photo-amplifiers and quartz oscillators. Their proofs of concepts were experimentally proved. Unfortunately, the complete theory was not found even though several attempts had been published, sometimes with errors. In this paper, we describe a correct and complete circuit theoretical model of a cold resistor system. The results are confirmed by computer simulations. A design tool for this circuit is also shown.

Introduction

“…The paper by Ciofi et al 41 presents the state of the art of dedicated instrumentation for low-frequency noise measurement systems. Song and Kish 42 deduce a systematic theory of cold resistor circuitry with a useful equation for design purposes.…”

Semantic Optimization of Feature-Based SLAM

“…e previous chapter of this paper has made a simple introduction to the word bag model and the special matching based on the word bag model, the generation of ORB-SLAM2 dictionary using the classical k-means algorithm for feature clustering [21,22]; clustering problems often use the method of unsupervised machine learning, through the machine to find the law of data to complete the clustering. For the problem of establishing a dictionary of k words with N feature points in the image, each word can be regarded as a set of local feature points.…”