“… satisfies the conservation law α l + α v + α g = 1.0 and 0 < α l , α v , α g less than 1. These phase interfaces, i.e., the gas–liquid interface, the vapor–liquid interface, and the gas–vapor interface, are captured by the volume of fluid (VOF) method, which has superior mass conservation characteristics and has been widely applied in literature [48] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] . In the VOF method, only one transport equation derived from Eq (1) for the liquid phase needs to be solved for the two-phase flow.…”