On the track of transfer cell formation by specialized plant-parasitic nematodes

Abstract

Transfer cells are ubiquitous plant cells that play an important role in plant development as well as in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. They are highly specialized and differentiated cells playing a central role in the acquisition, distribution and exchange of nutrients. Their unique structural traits are characterized by augmented ingrowths of invaginated secondary wall material, unsheathed by an amplified area of plasma membrane enriched in a suite of solute transporters. Similar morphological features can be perceived in vascular root feeding cells induced by sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes, such as root-knot and cyst nematodes, in a wide range of plant hosts. Despite their close phylogenetic relationship, these obligatory biotrophic plant pathogens engage different approaches when reprogramming root cells into giant cells or syncytia, respectively. Both nematode feeding-cells types will serve as the main source of nutrients until the end of the nematode life cycle. In both cases, these nematodes are able to remarkably maneuver and reprogram plant host cells. In this review we will discuss the structure, function and formation of these specialized multinucleate cells that act as nutrient transfer cells accumulating and synthesizing components needed for survival and successful offspring of plant-parasitic nematodes. Plant cells with transfer-like functions are also a renowned subject of interest involving still poorly understood molecular and cellular transport processes.

Transcriptomic and histological responses of African rice (Oryza glaberrima) to Meloidogyne graminicola provide new insights into root-knot nematode resistance in monocots

“…This process may be observed as soon as 2 d post-infection (dpi) (Nguyen et al, 2014). In response to nematode signals, the parenchyma cells differentiate into multinucleate and metabolically active giant cells (GCs), resembling transfer cells Rodiuc et al, 2014), enabling M. graminicola to withdraw nutrients from the plant's vascular system. The M. graminicola feeding site consists of several GCs enclosed in a macroscopically visible gall or root knot formed on the root system.…”

Función de la Lignina en la Interacción Planta-Nematodos Endoparásitos Sedentarios

“…In the formation of giant cells, the initial expansion zones where the thickening of the CW begins, are the first to form; these changes then extend to cover large areas of it (Rodiuc et al, 2014). The mechanisms used to regulate the deposition of new material to the CW and its thickening vary, and as the giant cells form, highly reticulated regions are created from these expansion zones that resemble CW labyrinths called "invaginations", through which the transportation of solutes into and out of the giant cell intensifies (Vieira et al, 2012;Rodiuc et al, 2014).…”

“…The mechanisms used to regulate the deposition of new material to the CW and its thickening vary, and as the giant cells form, highly reticulated regions are created from these expansion zones that resemble CW labyrinths called "invaginations", through which the transportation of solutes into and out of the giant cell intensifies (Vieira et al, 2012;Rodiuc et al, 2014). Such invaginations develop throughout the process of maturation of the nematode and degenerate once it reaches its maturity and completes its life cycle (Rodiuc et al, 2014).…”

“…The mechanisms used to regulate the deposition of new material to the CW and its thickening vary, and as the giant cells form, highly reticulated regions are created from these expansion zones that resemble CW labyrinths called "invaginations", through which the transportation of solutes into and out of the giant cell intensifies (Vieira et al, 2012;Rodiuc et al, 2014). Such invaginations develop throughout the process of maturation of the nematode and degenerate once it reaches its maturity and completes its life cycle (Rodiuc et al, 2014). Volumen 34, Número 1, 2016 lugar a la formación de las células gigantes y los sincitios sufren cambios similares, a lo largo del periodo de formación de los SEA, el diálogo molecular progresivo entre el nematodo y su hospedante, presenta particularidades dependiendo de si se trata de un nematodo que induce la formación de células gigantes o de sincitio; esto a su vez genera diferencias estructurales entre ambos tipos de SEA.…”

“…En la diferenciación de las células gigantes primero se forman zonas iniciales de expansión donde comienza el engrosamiento de la PC, estos cambios se extienden para abarcar grandes regiones de la misma (Rodiuc et al, 2014). Los mecanismos mediante los cuales se regula la deposición de nuevo material a la PC así como su engrosamiento son variables, y a medida que la formación de la células gigantes progresa, a partir de esas zonas de expansión se generan regiones altamente reticuladas que asemejan laberintos de PC llamadas "invaginaciones", a través de las cuales se intensifica el transporte de solutos hacia adentro y afuera de la célula gigante (Vieira et al, 2012;Rodiuc et al, 2014).…”