On the underestimated influence of synthetic conditions in solid ionic conductors

Abstract

Influence of synthesis and processing on the nature of ultimate product and the ionic transport properties of superionic conductors.

Exploring Aliovalent Substitutions in the Lithium Halide Superionic Conductor Li3-xIn1-xZrxCl6 (0 ≤ X ≤ 0.5)

“…24,25,35 The differences in conductivity may stem from the varying synthesis parameters and 16 annealing times that were applied, since it is known for the halide materials that synthesis conditions have a severe influence on structure and properties. 29,31,32,50 In addition, the small conductivity discrepancy may also be due to the known interlaboratory deviations in the ionic conductivity of these mechanically soft materials. 51 The activation energy determined by impedance spectroscopy reaches a minimum for Li2.6In0.6Zr0.4Cl6 which coincides with the optimum of the conductivity found here.…”

Battery cost forecasting: a review of methods and results with an outlook to 2050

“…Solid electrolyte prices range from 10 to 100 $ kg À1 , potentially since their large-scale synthesis process and related precursors are to date not determined. [150][151][152] The required lithium excess varies from 50 to 300% between studies, influencing both energy density and cost. Further, lithium metal foil prices range from 100 to 1000 $ kg À1 , assuming an integration of the lithium metal foil during the cell production process.…”

Energy Storage Materials for Solid‐State Batteries: Design by Mechanochemistry

“…Influences via different sol–gel approaches have been shown. [ 22 ] However, amorphization during milling and crystallization by annealing was still observed and some interesting approaches regarding the synthesis were suggested. [ 163,164 ] Nagao et al., [ 165 ] for example, show that the transport properties of x Li 3 BO 3 ·(100‐ x ) Li 2 CO 3 glasses depend on their preparation method and resulting crystallinity.…”

“…Classic solid‐state syntheses of solid electrolytes pose a problem regarding the aspect of scalability, as those are usually performed inside quartz ampoules in small quantities. The direct scalability in these syntheses is questionable [ 21,22 ] and energy‐intensive processes with high temperatures are economically not viable. By contrast, in liquid‐based syntheses the upscaling of these electrolytes may be possible; [ 23,24 ] however, the potential environmental impact based on solvents remains unclear especially as possibly remaining solvent may contaminate the electrolyte.…”