On the use of atomic force microscopy and scaling analysis to quantify the roughness of zinc electrodeposits produced from an industrial acid sulfate electrolyte containing glue

Mahboob, Said Sharif; Swanson, Kirsten; Gonzalez, Jose A.; Shepherd, Jeffrey L.

doi:10.1007/s10800-016-0943-3

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…As a first approximation, we use h 0 ∼ 10 13 s −1 in Eq. (17), which is the value considered when the solid film grows from vapor [41] (although we understand that there are significant difference when the solid surface is in contact with a solution). Using Eq.…”

Section: B Effect Of Activation Energy and Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…(24). The amplitude in that equation is a rough estimate due to the uncertainty in h 0 and due to the rejection of hop attempts in the electrodeposition model, which also affects the amplitudes in equations such as (17), as discussed in Sec. IV.…”

Section: B Effect Of Activation Energy and Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other models consider mechanisms for controlling the diffusional instability and analyze their effects on the long-time morphology of the electrodeposited films [5,[9][10][11][12]. On the other hand, several recent works show that the mass transport of adsorbed atoms or molecules on the film surface also affects its morphology [13][14][15][16][17] and detailed investigations of the first stages of electrodeposition of various materials reveal the microscopic mechanisms of adsorbate diffusion [18][19][20]. Analytic and simulation models also account for those processes [3,14,[21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crossover from compact to branched films in electrodeposition with surface diffusion

2017

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We study a model for thin film electrodeposition in which instability development by preferential adsorption and reduction of cations at surface peaks competes with surface relaxation by diffusion of the adsorbates. The model considers cations moving in a supported electrolyte, adsorption and reduction when they reach the film surface, and consequent production of mobile particles that execute activated surface diffusion, which is represented by a sequence of random hops to neighboring lattice sites with a maximum of G hop attempts (G≫1), a detachment probability ε<1 per neighboring particle, and a no-desorption condition. Computer simulations show the formation of a compact wetting layer followed by the growth of branched deposits. The maximal thickness z_{c} of that layer increases with G but is weakly affected by ε. A scaling approach describes the crossover from smooth film growth to unstable growth and predicts z_{c}∼G^{γ}, with γ=1/[2(1-ν)]≈0.43, where ν≈0.30 is the inverse of the dynamical exponent of the Villain-Lai-Das Sarma equation that describes the initial roughening. Using previous results for related deposition models, the thickness z_{c} can be predicted as a function of an activation energy for terrace surface diffusion and the temperature, and the small effects of the parameter ε are justified. These predictions are confirmed by the numerical results with good accuracy. We discuss possible applications, with a particular focus on the growth of multifuncional structures with stacking layers of different porosity.

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Section: B Effect Of Activation Energy and Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Effect Of Activation Energy and Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crossover from compact to branched films in electrodeposition with surface diffusion

2017

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“…Adsorbate diffusion was shown to be relevant in the initial stages of the electrodeposition of films and nanoparticles − and for the growth of dendrites. ,,, The effects of adsorbate diffusion were also shown in the studies of kinetic roughening of compact electrodeposited films. − Adatom diffusion was considered in a model of instability development in electrodeposition and in kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Adsorbate Diffusion on the Dendritic Morphology of Electrodeposited Films

2018

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We study the formation of deposits with dendritic morphology using numerical simulations of a model of electrodeposition and diffusion of the adsorbed material. The model considers a diffusive flux of cations in solution, the instantaneous adsorption and reaction in contact with the film surface, and random walks of mobile atoms on that surface, with a maximum of G hops per atom and a detachment probability ϵ per neighbor at the current position. For low temperature or large current, which corresponds to small G, the deposits are similar to the diffusion-limited aggregates growing from the flat electrode; for high temperature or very small current, which is represented by large G or ϵ, the deposits have thick rounded columns with sporadic ramification. In these conditions, the growth direction is controlled by the orientation of the electrode and of the cation flux. For the balanced conditions of adsorbate diffusion and current (typically 102 ≲ G ≲ 104 and ϵ ≲ 0.1, but also for larger G and very small ϵ), the films have a hierarchical dendritic morphology with the shape of maple leaves. The dendrite tips propagate in directions forming 45° with the electrode and are formed by three concurrent terraces, as a consequence of the simulations in a simple cubic lattice. The average dendrite size increases as a power law of G and is consequently expected to decrease with the applied current. The lowest energy configurations (terraces) are shown to be stable within the timescale of crystallization of an atomic layer, but the weakly bonded atoms have sufficiently large mobility to create those configurations. Thus, the dendritic morphology depends on the interplay between the energetics of the crystal and the electric current, which may help the interpretation of dendrite growth with other crystalline structures. The dendrite shape obtained here resembles those observed in some electrodeposited films of gold, zinc, and palladium, and the effect of the electric current on the dendrite size agrees with the observations in the electrodeposition of silver and gold. Assuming that the adsorbate diffusion is thermally activated, we propose that the average dendrite size is a ratio between an Arrhenius factor and a power law of the current; this suggests a method to estimate the microscopic energy barrier of diffusion, which may differ from the macroscopic activation energy.

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AFM and Scaling Analysis of Copper Surface Morphology and the Influence of Glue Degradation on Surface Roughness

Singh,

Shepherd,

Brunet

et al. 2024

Proceedings of the 63rd Conference of Metallurgists, COM 2024

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On the use of atomic force microscopy and scaling analysis to quantify the roughness of zinc electrodeposits produced from an industrial acid sulfate electrolyte containing glue

Cited by 6 publications

References 42 publications

Crossover from compact to branched films in electrodeposition with surface diffusion

Crossover from compact to branched films in electrodeposition with surface diffusion

Effect of Adsorbate Diffusion on the Dendritic Morphology of Electrodeposited Films

AFM and Scaling Analysis of Copper Surface Morphology and the Influence of Glue Degradation on Surface Roughness

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