On the use of energy storage technologies for regulation services in electric power systems with significant penetration of wind energy

Optimal Bidding Strategy of Battery Storage in Power Markets Considering Performance-Based Regulation and Battery Cycle Life

“…where k P is a constant ranging from 0.8 to 2.1 [12]- [16] and N fail 100 is the number of cycles to failure at 100% DOD. Fig.…”

“…Reference [20] uses a fourth-order polynomial function, whereas [21] and [22] used an exponential function. Another widely used function is the power function [14]- [16], which also fits the data in [12] and [13] very well.…”

On making energy demand and network constraints compatible in the last mile of the power grid

“…buffers) provide a simple mechanism to compensate for inadequate time scale matching between supply variations and demand variations. The question of how much additional buffering is required in terms of electrical energy storage is often considered in the context of renewables (Brekken et al, 2011;Vlot, Knigge, & Slootweg, 2013;Yang et al, 2008). More often than not, in these studies one ignores how much energy storage is actually available on the consumer side, which leads to significant over-estimates in the amount of supply side energy storage that is required.…”

THE WIDE-AREA ENERGY STORAGE AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PHASE II Final Report - Flywheel Field Tests

“…A major operational issue associated with high renewable energy penetration (20% or even 33%) is that ramp rates and magnitudes of the regulation and load-following requirements are expected to increase significantly. Phase I and other CEC studies [1]- [5] have shown that fastramping balancing services could potentially reduce the regulation and load-following requirement by up to 30%. Therefore, it is important for BPA and CAISO to seek additional fast load-following and regulation resources to meet challenges of the high penetration of wind in BPA and CAISO balancing authorities.…”