On the use of L X-ray fluorescence for bone lead evaluation

Preiss, I. L.; Tariq, Muhammad

doi:10.1007/bf02168270

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Rosen et al (1989) reported a range of 'skin' thickness in children of 3-8 mm (as already stated, it is unlikely that the larger OTT are skin alone). Preiss and Tariq (1992) stated that the 'skin thickness overlying the tibia' varies 'between 2 and 18 mm, with a mean value of 5 mm', and gave two references for these data: one a court record (Ambrogi 1991) and the other (Rosen et al 1989), a paper that reports a median (not mean) of 5 mm and a range of 3-8 mm (not 2-18 mm). It is likely, therefore, that Preiss and Tariq's value of 18 mm for the maximum skin thickness either comes from a court record (Ambrogi 1991) or is a typographical error.…”

Section: Correcting For Attenuation In Lxrfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variability in body composition. The attenuation 'correction' approach of Wielopolski et al has been criticized (Preiss and Tariq 1992) on the grounds that a single µ is used, whereas, in reality, there exist both inter-and intra-individual variabilities in body composition and density. These variabilities affect µ to the extent that it is unique to a particular person on a particular occasion.…”

Section: Correcting For Attenuation In Lxrfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These considerations fall into two broad categories: attenuation and interference. Calculations of the consequences of both attenuation and interference have been presented in the literature (Wielopolski et al 1981, Pella and Soares 1991, Preiss and Tariq 1992, Preiss 1993, Preiss and Washington 1995 and have been grounds for the voicing of concerns regarding the sensitivity and validity of LXRF measurements of Pb in bone. This study reviews some of the relevant issues, corrects errors in some of the published calculations and quantifies some of the concerns raised about bone lead LXRF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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L-shell x-ray fluorescence measurements of lead in bone: theoretical considerations

Todd

2002

Phys. Med. Biol.

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This paper reviews several theoretical considerations pertinent to the use of lead L-shell x-rays for the in vivo measurement of lead in bone: the method of correcting for attenuation, the contributions to the measurement uncertainty, interferences, the depth of bone sampled and the signal strength. Both the predicted bone lead concentration and the measurement uncertainty therein are influenced by the choice of linear attenuation coefficient with which to correct for overlying tissue. Measurement uncertainty is also influenced by inter-individual variability in body composition, methodological uncertainty in the ultrasound measurement of overlying tissue thickness and discrepancy between the site of LXRF and the site of ultrasound measurement. Interference with the Pb Lalpha x-rays by As Kalpha has been overstated and is probably negligible, interference from lead in non-bone tissues may not be. The depth of bone from which the signal is obtained and a crude estimate of signal strength are calculated for different bone compositions for both K and L x-ray fluorescence.

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Section: Correcting For Attenuation In Lxrfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Correcting For Attenuation In Lxrfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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L-shell x-ray fluorescence measurements of lead in bone: theoretical considerations

Todd

2002

Phys. Med. Biol.

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“…The K x-ray fluorescence technique has been more widely used and validated than the L x-ray method, which has limitations regarding its utility for the determination of lead levels in bone (Hu et al 1998;Preiss and Tariq 1992). The more energetic K x-rays penetrate the cortical bone deeper (2 cm) than the soft L x-rays, and are therefore more suitable for determining the average lead content over the whole bone thickness (Wedeen 1990).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing Golden Eagle Risk to Lead and Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure: A Review

Herring

Eagles‐Smith

Buck

2017

Journal of Raptor Research

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“…This paper focuses on KXRF, which has been the most widely used and validated Environmental Health Perspectives * Vol 106, Supplement 4 * August l998 a .M technology. Discussion and critiques of LXRF may be found elsewhere (20,21).…”

Section: K-x-ray Fluorescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Bone lead as a new biologic marker of lead dose: recent findings and implications for public health.

1998

Environ Health Perspect

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Measurements of lead in bone have recently become the focus of research because a) bone lead levels serve as a cumulative dosimeter of lead exposure over many years (because of lead's long residence time in bone), and cumulative exposure may be more predictive of chronic toxicity than recent exposure, which is what blood lead levels mostly reflect; b) there is suspicion that heightened bone turnover (e.g. during pregnancy, lactation, and aging) may liberate enough stored lead to pose a significant threat of delayed toxicity; and c) although lead exposure has largely declined in the United States over the past 10 to 15 years, decades of heavy environmental pollution have resulted in significant accumulation of lead in bone among most members of the general U.S. population. Epidemiologic research on the impact of lead stored in bone is now possible with the development of 109Cd K-X-ray fluorescence (KXRF) instruments for the in vivo measurement of lead in bone. In this paper, the KXRF method will be briefly reviewed, followed by a summary of several Superfund-supported studies (and others) of blood lead and KXRF-measured bone lead in which these measures are compared as biologic markers of lead dose. Measurement of bone lead in epidemiologic studies has proved useful in exposure assessment studies, i.e., in identifying factors that contribute most to retained body lead burden, and in investigating cumulative lead exposure as a risk factor for poor health outcomes such as hypertension, kidney impairment, cognitive impairment, behavioral disturbances, and adverse reproductive outcomes.ImagesFigure 1

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On the use of L X-ray fluorescence for bone lead evaluation

Cited by 10 publications

References 5 publications

L-shell x-ray fluorescence measurements of lead in bone: theoretical considerations

L-shell x-ray fluorescence measurements of lead in bone: theoretical considerations

Characterizing Golden Eagle Risk to Lead and Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure: A Review

Bone lead as a new biologic marker of lead dose: recent findings and implications for public health.

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