“…The use of heat-as-a-tracer in surface water and groundwater investigations has seen a large amount of interest over the past decade (refer to following reviews of various aspects of heat-tracing: Anderson, 2005;Constantz, 2008;Rau, Andersen, McCallum, Roshan, & Acworth, 2014;Irvine et al, 2016;Halloran et al, 2016b), and some promising investigations using heat tracing techniques in the variably saturated zone have recently been undertaken (Béhaegel, Sailhac, & Marquis, 2007;Sayde et al, 2010;Krzeminska et al, 2012;Ciocca, Lunati, van de Giesen, & Parlange, 2012;Bechkit, Flageul, Guerin, & Tabbagh, 2014;Falocchi, Barontini, & Ranzi, 2015;Halloran, Roshan, Rau, Andersen, & Acworth, 2016c). For most passive methods that use natural temperature fluctuations, temporal resolution will generally be limited to 1 day when using the dominant diurnal signal.…”