On U­Shaped Curves

The Early Paleolithic in India and Pakistan

“…Something similar to the situation described above is also true of the tools found in the secondary laterite in Orissa (Bose and Sen 1948;Ghosh 1970), Gudiyam cave (Banerjee 1967), and Poondi (Banerjee et al 1973), Adamgarh (R. V. Joshi 1965) and Bhimbetka (Misra 1975) and open-air factory sites like Lalitpur (R. Singh 1965), Anagwadi (Pappu 1974), Gangapur (R. V. Joshi 1966a), Chirki-Nevasa (Corvinus 1970), and Hungsi (Paddayya, personal communication). Banerjee's excavations (Banerjee et al 1973) at Poondi and Neyveli have shown that even in the south, around Madras, the handaxe culture is associated with the secondary laterite.…”

Jagdish Chandra Bose & plant neurobiology

“…The SWs follow hydraulic pressure changes that use the vascular bundles (xylem) for propagation over long distances along the plant axis. Some lower plants such as Dionaea flytraps and Aldrovanda vesiculosa were also found to possess omnidirectional APs similar to cardiac myocytes as also described by Bose5 (Bose in his talk at Guildhouse in London on June 30, 1929 poetically described this phenomenon, ‘In many other ways we are able to find that plant has a heart that beats continuously as long as life remains')1218. These APs have been reported to be associated with plant respiration, photosynthesis, phloem transport, recognition of herbivora attack, light-induced phototropism and systemic deployment of plant defences.…”

“…In addition to the APs already described in detail by Bose, another long-distance signal the slow wave potentials (SWPs) or variation potentials (VPs) has been documented11. The long-distance signalling - APs - similar to those in the animal nervous system are more common in higher plants and are propagated in vascular bundles of the phloem along the plant axis as already established by Bose5. The long-distance potentials (SWs or VPs) were found to be unique to plants1112.…”

“…Bose became the first to use the term ‘Plant Nerve’2. Though nervous impulse in insectivorous plants was already reported a few years earlier than Bose by Burdon-Sanderson3 and Darwin4, the types of details of the nervous system provided by Bose, in a large number of papers and a series of monographs (Bose, 1906, 1907 and 1926-1929)5, were not available from any other source. Though Augustus Waller from London claimed that he had reported ‘the phenomenon of vegetable electricity’ earlier than Bose, a detailed discussion by Dasgupta6 on this controversy could not take away the credit from Bose.…”

“…Attributing these functions to signal transduction is entirely similar between nerve cells and plant cells. In this regard, he quoted Bose's continuous recording of the behaviour of petioles, roots, styles and leaflets of Mimosa to thermal, mechanical and light stimuli529. According to Trewavas20, the concept of intelligence in animals and plants was not identical because plants are sessile and the time scale of behaviour in most plants differs from animals.…”