“…According to I. Beck, the zero-divisor graph of a commutative ring is a graph where the vertices represent the elements of the ring, and two vertices are connected by an edge if their product is zero (see [5]). Further, by employing these graph-theoretic approach, many researchers visually represented and analyzed various aspects of commutative rings, providing additional insights into their structure, properties, and relationships (see [1]- [4], [9]- [10], [12]).…”